Big Business and The Robber Barons Essay -- Corporate America Consumer

The decades after the Civil War fastly changed the spirit of the United States. The rapid industrialization of the nation changed us from generally farming(prenominal) to the top industrial power in the world. Business tycoons thrived during this time, forging great business empires with the use of trusts and pools. Farmers give outd to the cities and into the factories, living off wages and changing the face of the workforce. This rapid industrialization created wide gaps in society, and the government, which had originally taken a hands off approach to business, was forced to step in.Many individuals took advantage of the rapid industrialization and high influx of cheap labor in the form of immigrants. Among these entrepreneurs were John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and George Pullman. Each made a name for themselves by forging their possess corporate empire. Rockefeller was an industrialist and philanthropist who made his fortune by founding the Stan dard Oil Company in 1870. Attempting to monopolize the industry and squeeze out the midsection man, Rockefeller slowly gained almost complete control of the oil industry. He formed the powerful Standard Oil Trust in 1882, which united all of his companies and secured 95% of oil production in the United States for himself. Rockefeller was an industrialist who stamped out all of his competition with his trust, eventually leading to Congress intervention.Andrew Carnegie found his fortune in steel. Arriving in the States in 1848, he quickly made his way up societys ladder and in 1870 founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh. Carnegie was opposed to monopolistic practices, but succeeded in eliminating the middle man. He pioneered the tactic of vertical integration... ...elped to widen the rift between rich and poor. Farmers, who were once self-employed, were rapidly becoming factory workers. In 1860 half the nation was self-employed, but by 1900 two-thirds were dependent on wa ges. This trend caused the rapid urbanization of America, which brought out some issues. Wages were rising, so it was trade good to be working, but with dependent wages the workers were susceptible to economic downturns. The workplace also became much less personable as people began to move to factory jobs. New machines would often displace workers, and individual workers had little power to fight for their rights against the industries. There was always a fear of unemployment, and reformers struggled to protect wages and oblige provisions for temporary unemployment. As more people moved to the cities and the corporations grew, social rifts became larger and larger.

Nelson Mandela Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African resistance leader who received a manners sentence on Robben Island for argue apartheid. Nelson Mandela personified struggle throughout his life. He is still leading the fight against apartheid after spending nearly three decades of his life behind bars. He has sacrificed his private life and his youth for his people, and remains South Africas best known and loved hero. Nelson Mandela was born in a village near Umtata in the Transkei on July 18, 1918. His father was the heading councilor to the Acting Paramount Chief of Thembuland. after his fathers death, the young Rolihlahla became the Paramount Chiefs ward to be groomed to assume high office. However,influenced by the cases that came before the Chief s court, he was determined to become a lawyer. Hearing the elders stories of his ancestors struggles during the wars of resistance gave him dreams of making his own contribution tothe freedom struggle of his people (Ngubane).& antiophth almic factor9After receiving a primary education at a local mission school, Nelson Mandela was sent to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school. He then enrolled at the University College of strengthen Hare for the Bachelor of Arts Degree where he waselected onto the Students Representative Council. He was suspended from college for joining in a protest boycott. He went to Johannesburg where he entered politics by joining the African home(a) Congress in 1942 (Woods).&9At the height of the Second World War, members of the African National Congress set themselves the task of transforming ANC into a mass movement. In September of 1944 they came to masterher to form the African National CongressYouth League. Mandela soon move his peers by his disciplined work and consistent effort and was elected to the Secretaryship of the Youth League in 1947 (Ngubane).&9By painstaking work, the ANCYL was able to get support for its policies amongst the ANC members. At the 1945 annual conferenc e of the ANC, two of the leagues leaders, Anton Lembede and Ashby Mda, were elected onto the NationalExecutive Committee. Two years later another Youth League leader, Oliver R. Tambo became a member of the NEC(Ngubane). &9The victory of the National Party which won the 1948 all-white elections on the platform of Apartheid, inspired ANCYL to create the Programme of Action. The Programme of ... ...onference of the ANC held intimate South Africa after being banned for decades, Nelson Mandela was elected President of the ANC while his lifelong friend and colleague, Oliver Tambo, became the organizations National Chairperson (Ngubane).&9Mandela accepted the 1993 Nobel sleep Prize on behalf of all South Africans who suffered and sacrificed so much to bring peace to their land. He was inaugurated as State President of South Africa on whitethorn 10, 1994.&9Nelson Mandelas life symbolizes the triumph of the human spirit over mans inhumanity to man. His struggle throughout life to do away with racism exemplifies his courage and heroics. South Africa is very fortunate to have a leader of that character. Without Mandela, blacks would still be opposed and would not have equal opportunities. They would not have a proper education or have any basic human rights.&nbspBibliography&nbsp"Apartheid." World Book Encyclopedia. 1988 ed., vol. 1,pp. 563.&nbspNgubane, Jordan. "Mandela." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia ofWorld Biography. 1987 ed., vol. 7, pp. 132-133.&nbspWoods, Donald. Biko. New York Paddington Press LTD,1978.

Dishonor in Antigone and Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay -- Greek

The belief and concept of dishonor in the Greek and Colombian culture of Antigone, by Sophocles, and Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, is a deciding aspect that blinds characters moral values. It is evident that in both societies Greek and Colombian, a family or an individual without honor is an pariah to the community. As honor plays a drastic role in outlining the culture of the society. Therefore the belief that a perpetrator has brought dishonor upon the family, or community foreshadows penalization for the individual, often conveyed by death. Sophocles provides a setting in his play, Antigone, where the honor code of rules and principles that govern the Greek community, are based upon Creons patriarchy of immoral inwrought law. Where the worst death is a clouded (97) one whose foggy setting brings dishonor upon the individual, and his family. Polynecies is an example Sophocles uses to highlight the significance of a burial, in the Greek society. Polyne cies is a victim of Creons code of honor, which through grotesque diction, Sophocles describes his body as being immorally exposed the vultures left unwept and unburied (29) after miserably fighting bit against his brother in a battle for Thebes, in which he turned against him. Causing him to die outside the law (59) bringing great dishonor to the corpse as it is with a lack of respect, left unburied due to tyranny, but also damns it for all time and dishonors his family. Creons laws are flaw, harsh and immoral, they take on the gods who harp forever (788), up to the point were his actions seize his good mind, (791) and deprive him of moral thought. Creons restrictive democracy motivates Polynecies sister Antigone, who... ...reshadow a death through the blinding process of moral values and actions taken by an individual that has, or whose family has been dishonored and wishes to regain their dignity. Sophocles in Antigone portrays the theme of dishonor through the cultural valu e of burial in the Greek society Gabriel Garcia Marquez on the other hand, condemns the legate of marriage to honor in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. two cultural norms manage in context to inflict with the characters family honor, which leads them into taking immoral and ruthless actions that lead to the innocent death of Antigone and Santiago Nasser, both innocent individuals. Works CitedGarca, Mrquez Gabriel, and Gregory Rabassa. Chronicle of a Death Foretold A Novel. New York Vintage International, 2003. PrintSophocles, and Paul Woodruff. Antigone. Indianapolis Hackett Pub., 2001. Print

Humorous Wedding Speech †Two Best Men :: Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Humorous Wedding Speech Two Best MenGood afternoon Ladies and Gentlemen - My prognosticate is Steve and this is my partner in crime, Scot. We are the best men today, famed for our double act. Some people may even say we were artists, but I call tail end youll all realize what kind of artists we are later on this evening. Now, Id like to think that Gary chose Scott and me to be joint best men so that we could both be by his side on his wedding day. However, Scott reckons Gary only picked us for the wedding photos. Me, so hed look slimmer, and Scott, so hed look taller. But in actual fact, it was the brides idea to appoint two best men. She thought one person wouldnt be enough to ensure Gary got to the church on time, smartly dressed and sober. Well, it certainly took more than one person to haul him away from his mini bar last night. Scot It is customary for the best man to re-create an embarrassing tale or two from the bridegrooms past. As Garys oldest friend, this part of the s peech fell to me. However, I had two problems with this. Firstly, Gary originally insisted on vetting the speech, which would have meant me going to the trouble of preparing two speeches. Luckily, he relented. Secondly, Gary is the original Mr. Nice Guy and its very difficult to think of anything bad to say about him. So, back to you Steve Steve I have known Gary a much shorter time than Scot, as you may be able to guess from my youthful good looks and boyish charm. And since I didnt know Gary at school, Ive had to rely on his own version of events regarding his education. From this, I gathered that Gary was an exceptionally gifted student and he excelled in almost everything he did, be it sports, academics or the arts, and he left school to the great sadness of his headmaster Scot Well, I did go to school with Gary and I can tell you thats rubbish. I remember him to be a rather obese, annoying little pupil who excelled at nothing, was constantly picked on, and regularly beaten up and this was just by the teachers. He most certainly wasnt gifted at sports either. It didnt matter what game we played, he was useless in every position.

Ital cooking - necessity or religious fervor? :: essays papers

Ital cooking - necessity or religious fervor?The party started at around 9 PM further my girl adorer and I decided to get there a few hours early to help set up. We do our way into the Bronx with my friend Leroy, a co-worker who had invited us, and reached the house at around four. We helped them string up a tarp and set up the sound system. It was a small fenced-in backyard that we stacked up the speakers and woofers seven feet high. They had apparently gotten permits earlier for the music, which was good, since I couldnt hear myself think when the DJ was at work on his system. We had been working for a while and the yard was looking good, the woman of the house asked us if we were hungry. This was a pointless question with me since I am always hungry and we quickly followed her into the kitchen. once inside the house, the faint smells of cooking food became much stronger while she led us into the kitchen. The kitchen was about average, just like any other persons except there w as a huge pot of soup/stew on the stove. We approached it and were offered paper cups ripe of delicious, hearty fish soup. This was only the beginning, as I was to discover later, the party quickly progressed and grew. Earlier in the day, there were only a few people at the house and I felt kind of welcomed and comfortable. As the night went on and people continued present up my girlfriend and I slowly became the minority. By the time the party was in full swing, the whole yard was packed and we had flowed into the neighbors yard to barbecue. We were two of the four white people at the party but Leroy and the hosts still made us feel comfortable. It was an eye opening experience to be the minority especially after growing up in predominantly white towns. When the guests started showing up in force Leroy, along with a few other guys, got to the business of barbecuing. The music was pumping, the red stripe was flowing and the party was going but the send word wasnt burning. They s et up a fifty-gallon-drum-barbecue in the neighbors yard since theirs was quickly filling and fired up the charcoal. Once the fire was good and hot, they pulled out several bags of seasoned Jerk chicken.

Ital cooking - necessity or religious fervor? :: essays papers

Ital cooking - necessity or religious fervor?The political party started at around 9 PM but my girlfriend and I decided to get in that respect a few hours early to help set up. We made our way into the Bronx with my friend Leroy, a colleague who had invited us, and reached the house at around four. We helped them string up a tarp and set up the sound system. It was a small fenced-in back super C but we stacked up the speakers and woofers seven feet high. They had apparently gotten permits earlier for the music, which was good, since I couldnt hear myself think when the DJ was at work on his system. We had been working for a while and the gramme was looking good, the woman of the house asked us if we were hungry. This was a pointless question with me since I am always hungry and we quickly followed her into the kitchen. Once inside the house, the scant(p) smells of cooking food became much stronger while she led us into the kitchen. The kitchen was ab turn up average, just like any other persons except there was a huge pot of soup/stew on the stove. We approached it and were offered paper cups full of delicious, hearty fish soup. This was only the beginning, as I was to discover later, the party quickly progressed and grew. Earlier in the day, there were only a few people at the house and I felt quite welcomed and comfortable. As the nighttime went on and people continued showing up my girlfriend and I slowly became the minority. By the time the party was in full swing, the whole yard was packed and we had flowed into the neighbors yard to barbecue. We were two of the four white people at the party but Leroy and the hosts still made us sense comfortable. It was an eye opening experience to be the minority especially after growing up in predominantly white towns. When the guests started showing up in force Leroy, along with a few other guys, got to the business of barbecuing. The music was pumping, the red stripe was flowing and the party was going but th e fire wasnt burning. They set up a fifty-gallon-drum-barbecue in the neighbors yard since theirs was quickly filling and fired up the charcoal. Once the fire was good and hot, they pulled out several bags of seasoned Jerk chicken.

You Don’t Know What You Have Til It’s Gone

You Never Know What you Had Til Its G unrivaled To Kill A Mockingbird Is one of those stones that gives a deeper meaning to the simplest things. As it is in the title, patently flouters argon principal(prenominal) to this story. The first that these mockingbirds seen are when Scout and Jem got their ar rifles. genus Atticus, not wanting to teach them how to shoot, gave them a rule he wanted them to follow. Id rather you zest at tin cans in the backyard, provided know youll go after birds. Shoot all the blueays you want, if you can hit em, but remember its a fault to kill a mockingbird. That was the only time I ever heard Atticus say it was a fault to o something. and have a bun in the ovened Miss Maudie about It. Your fathers right, she verbalise Mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest In corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out tor us. Thats why its a sin to kill a mockingbird. (90) In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, we are shown important lessons that even now we can use. The story tells us that mockingbirds are harmless, innocent creatures, and killing them is wrong, because they dont hurt anyone, nor do they want to.The symbols of the mockingird used in the story are generally important in he town of Maycomb. If one of them were taken away the whole town of Maycomb would be worse off because of It. Tom Robinson Is one of those people that we need these days. He would help others no matter what small thing It was, It might have not even mattered who It was, and wouldnt take or ask tor anything in return. He just knew how to be thoughtful like it was a second nature to him. In the story, Tom was first introduce as the human race who was to be defended by Atticus, because it was claimed the he raped Miss Mayella Ewell.During his case he had two acclaims against him, Mayella Ewell and er Father 30b Ewell, but it was clear that Tom was innocent with each word he said In court. When it was said that Tom was killed it pulls at anyones heart strings, even to the citizens In Maycomb. Even Mr. underwood, though without being exact, gave the message of the mockingbird In the editorial after Toms death. Mr. underwood didnt talk about mlscarrages of Justice, he was writing so children could understand Mr Underwood simply figured it was a sin to kill cripples, be they standing, sitting or escaping.He likened Toms death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters nd children, and Maycomb thought he was trying to write an editorial poetic enough to be reprinted in the Montgomery Advertiser. (241) He tries to get through to everyone In Maycomb to understand that Tom and the mocking bird are one in the same, because of him being a cripple. The senselessness of his death, as It seems, is the key killing Tom didnt make things good nor did It prevent something bad, Just like shooting a mockingbird. The outlay of this mockingbird may have been Bo b Ewells life, for trying to kill him offfor Mayellas mistake, tempting a negro.The next time a mockingbird turned up in the book is with the assultot Jem and Scout in the end of the book. Scout shows how she understand how they shouldnt drag Boo, Arthur Radley, into court. Atticus looked like he needed cheering up. I ran reassured him. Mr. Tate was right. Atticus disengaged himself and looked at me. What do you mean? Well, itd be sort of like shootin a mockingbird, wouldnt it? (276) All that Boo did was watch the neighbourhood, gave trinkets to Scout and Jem in the knot of a tree, and saved them when they were attacked.Harming someone who never ment to harm anyone and tries to help is like killing a mockingbird, and arresting Boo would serve no real purpose. Though the next employment is not the typical idea for the mockingbird symbolisum he still gives the same message as his character further developes in the story. Atticus Finch is on of those people who has a great influenc e on others because of his wisdom and kindness. Judge Taylor was saying something. His gavel was in his fist, but he wasnt using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus move papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut, went to the court reporter and said something, nodded to Mr.

Eulogy: Love and Long Remember Desdemona

I would like to start by thanking Desdemonas family who nurture traveled from Venice to be here to solar day, and to all her loyal friends here in Cyprus for your unwavering support during this difficult time. Many of you may be offended by my coming into court here today, but to that I will say, I was blinded by my intense love for Desdemona and that love is as strong now as it was the day I married her. We will all long remember Desdemona as a generous and devoted wife and friend. She had a childlike spirit that could ruminate light into the darkest day.As Desdemonas husband I loved and wanted to show her how much she meant to me, and in that I failed. She was a very significant psyche to all of us here, along with so many others. She was such an intrinsic part in each of our lives that it will be long before she is invariably forgotten. As her husband, we sh ard a relationship which was from the start one of loyalty and trust.. As a young and exquisitely beautiful woman she w as also charge of many things that I now come to believe untrue. Desdemona was born on 22 April 1603 in Venice to senator, Brabantio, with whom she is now reunited.She was a humble woman who was hard-working, faithful and had a very strong belief in God. Today we mournfully remember the naive Desdemona and the sadistic death she suffered, at my hands. As we are saddened by Desdemonas passing it is difficult for us to think of continuing life without her. Today we to reflect upon my darling Desdemonas life and the virtues, achievements and qualities she showed us day by day. She was respect by both men and women for her trusting nature, her intelligence, loyalty to both myself and her father. Desdemona was one to always see the good in others and support them no matter what. resembling many here today she was a woman, but through no fault of her own she customarily received unfair treatment. I treated her unfairly a way no person should be treated i should have trusted her as she w ould trust me. A friend would tell me how women are manipulative and were seductresses. However Desdemona was the complete opposite She was pure, and kind hearted. Desdemona was devoted and truly submissive to her father. She only did defy him once in her life an that was when she said i do to me. And her husband as long as she lived.When she was nearing the end of her life, I am saddened to say that she was accused of many things, things which I should have known not to be true. Such a quiet and unassuming person, the sweet Desdemona deserved much better treatment than this and this is where I failed her. She never seemed to cease in terrible me, even though she had been through so much she still maintained a forgiving and positive attitude towards life. Desdemona has gone home now, guided by her faith and by the light of those whom she has loved and lost. She will be forever remembered for her kind and loving soul.As Desdemona leaves us broken-hearted with her passing, we can be thankful for the memories she has left hand in our hearts. My hope is that she forgives the role I had to play in her demise, as a man blinded by trust I listened when I should have felt with my heart, I believed the words of another when I always knew the truth within myself. I did not understand the ways of women i was rather habituated only to the battlefield and the world of men. I will have to endure life without her because of my mistakes and my blindness. God Bless Desdemona and may she rest in perpetual peace.

Ptsd in Soldiers Returning from Combat

Assignment 1Carrie Mowatt Introduction PTSD is classified as a sober anxiety disorder which is likely to develop when a person is exposed to one or much traumatic events. This cogitation consists of surveys which bank note the levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers reverting from active duty in both Iraq and Afghanistan. The research will attempt to target soldiers returning from an extended tour of duty are at high risk for developing these mental issues.As discussed in class, stress is any challenge to the system and has an effect on ones emotions as well as their physical well being. Measuring the effects of war on a soldier is sure to expose signs of stress. If a soldier should show signs of posttraumatic stress they could most(prenominal) likely experience things such as anxiety, aggression, with drawl and impaired cognitive performance which would effect their everyday lives and due harm to their physical wellbeing. HypothesisThe conclusion of this study was to identify soldiers who were most at risk of experiencing posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms after serving time in a combat zone. Their goal was to gather teaching so they may develop intervention programs which would be beneficial in assisting troops who have displayed signs of posttraumatic stress and or depressive symptoms. Participants The participants in this study consisted of 4,089 United States soldiers returning from active duty in Iraq and or Afghanistan. Over half of those who participated were white males.The remainder of the subjects were Black, Hispanic, Pacific Islander, Asian, Native American, Biracial or otherwise. Only a a few(prenominal) surveyed were female. Methods Participants were given surveys in a classroom setting. The information gathered consisted of the soldiers age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, military rank, time served and number of children living at home. In order to measure the levels of posttraumatic and depressi ve symptoms, participants were asked a series of questions such as, if they had seen any counselor since returning including counselors for personal problems.Soldiers were asked to rate their feelings when exposed to certain situations, such as, whether they felt isolated or neuronic around other people, or if they experienced bad dreams involving the horrible things which they endured while serving their time in either Iraq or Afghanistan. They also answered questions which involved evaluation their satisfaction with life. Results After the research was calculated it was determined that almost half of the participants declareed symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms or both.Soldiers returning from Iraq reported high levels of posttraumatic stress than those returning from Afghanistan and were more(prenominal) likley to seek counseling. However, soldiers returning from Iraq were more satisfied with life than those returning from Afghanistan. It was shown in soldi ers returning from both Iraq and Afghanistan that being separated or divorced was related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Soldier who were single or separated were more likely to seek counseling than soldiers who were conjoin.Soldiers of a higher ranking were less likely to report symptoms. Those who had counseling prior to redeployment were more likely to report symptoms. Problems One problem with this study would be that the soldiers involved volunteered to participate in this research. I conceptualise it would have been better to test soldiers at random therefore you would possibly have a much different outcome if the soldiers tested were not already willing to offer up this personal information. Or by handpicking the participants the researchers would have a more controlled experiment.I see the ratio of white males to ethnic males in this study to be a problem also. More than half of the soldiers in this study were white males. They should inc lude a higher number of men from other ethnic groups or do a separate study on each ethnic group of soldiers in order to have a more accurate conclusion which could be referenced by the appropriate group. A clear issue to me is the almost invisible female presence in this study and that only six percent of soldiers involved were women. It is obvious the researchers should either include more women or make this study specifically male oriented.Lastly, the lack of familiarity concerning the lives of the soldiers before they were deployed threatens the results of this study. Not knowing what their exact mental state was before being exposed to highly stressful situations makes it hard to determine if the results are accurate. As for trying to determine a solution for this, it is difficult to say what could be done to measure this. Conclusion After reading this article I would terminate that soldiers returning from war are highly likely to show signs of posttraumatic stress and or dep ressive symptoms.The research showed that soldiers who werent married were more likely to report depressive symptoms. I am not sure if this means they are more depressed or if it is just that married soldiers are less likely to report the depression. It could be that married men choose not to come forward and admit symptoms in order to appear strong and continuously brave to their family. The results could also mean having a family and a strong social support system could help aid the soldiers.I feel there were many faults in this study and it is mainly enjoin towards soldiers who are male, white and married. Also, the strictly volunteer basis of this study makes it hard to determine acurately how many soldiers actualy suffer from PTSD or are likely to show symptoms after returning from war. Reference Page Lapierre, C. B, Schwegler, A. F, and LaBave, B. J (2007). Posttraumatic Stress and Depression Symptoms in Soldiers Returning from Combat Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Journ al of Traumatic Stress, 20, 933-943.

Case Report: Jamie Chang Essay

1. Based on the assumption that all data collected are accurate and the methods used to collect are reliable, the EOQ calculations are correct. habituated by the EOQ model, the optimal Q ( total of an post) is set by the equation Oopt=2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)(1/2). In this case, order setup approach=setup hours per order setup court per hour holding cost rate= 30% product unit cost.2. Jamie Change only shows the optimal inventory levels for each product A-H, and the decrease in the average inventory level to Garcia, but he overlooks the consequently changes in inventory-related cost (annual ordering cost, annual holding cost, and total cost). As shown below, for product A, D, E, F, G and H, whose present order quantity is higher than EOQ optimal order quantity, the decrease in order quantity increases the ordering cost while decreases the holding cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product B, whose present order quantity is lower than EOQ optimal order quantity, the increase in order quantity increases the holding cost while decreases the ordering cost even more, resulting a decrease in total cost. For product C, whose present order quantity is similar to EOQ optimal order quantity, the holding cost, ordering cost and total cost dont change much.Annual ordering cost = (yearly demand)/(order quantity) (setup hours per order) 25 Annual holding cost = 30% (product unit cost) (order quantitiy/2) Annual total cost = annual ordering cost + annual holding costIn general, the EOQ optimal order quantity go forth decrease the inventory-related total cost to the lowest level, which Jamie Change doesnt explain really clearly to Garcia.3. Generally speaking, to correspondence the costs with the desire to have the right products for guests, we have to take all kinds of costs into account, such as the inventory costs, rent, personnel expenses, cost of goods sold, etc. thence we try to find the right quantity to prod uce, price to sell, to meet the demand with the lowest cost. But here Lynn Rosen is talking moreabout the inventory cost. When he talks about customer-service level and inventory investment, hes actually talking about meeting customers demand with optical inventory total cost. As is shown below, when he says unnecessary investment in inventories, he means the amount of cost higher than the lowest cost due to non-optimal order quantity.To improve the customer service, the demand will definitely increase. According to Oopt=2(Demand Rate)(Order Setup Cost)/(Holding Cost Rate)(1/2)the increase in demand rate will lead to the increase in Oopt, which will also lead to more inventory cost. As is shown below.4. From external, customers demand stream, especially its variation has a crucial role in determining the right, or optimal amount of inventory. From internal, all the holding cost and ordering cost are also keys determining the optimal amount of inventory.

Doris Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson Essay

The concept of Simone de Beauvoirs myth of women discussed in The molybdenum Sex was still very more prevalent in the 1960s when To Room nineteen was set and certainly at the time of Strange mooring of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In the 1960s, in accordance with the instant wave of feminism, women were thought to be more conscious and aw be of their rights as a cleaning adult female because of the media (Hanisch)1 and this is what we, as a reader could easily deduce from the commence of Doris Lessings To room nineteen. This new- found consciousness however some would argue was non the case during the 1960s and is certainly not the case in the text.The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a male dominated thriller where female instabilities are never exposed as females are hardly ever mentioned (Shuo and Dan, 2012)2. This puritanic marginalisation of women was very public at the time and also links to woman being classified, gibe to Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex a s the different (de Beauvoir, 1949 p. 16)3 and not worthy of being the subject of the novella. Both texts involve the notion of a demon taking all over the main citation, whether this demon is a result of their throw creation or a result of smart set. The fol lowlying essay will attempt to draw similarities and differences between the two texts in relation to Simone de Beauvoirs The Second Sex.The Second Sex is arguably one of the earliest attempts to tackle human history from a feminist perspective4 and expresses the idea that men fundamentally oppress women by characterizing them as the Other. It states, the moment when man asserts himself as subject and a free being, the idea of Other arises (de Beauvoir, 1949 p. 19). Although in To Room Nineteen it would emerge that both Susan and Matthew are making a joint, educated decision by Susan quitting her note to raise the children and tend to her house, it appears to be more of a decision according to social expectations inste ad of what Susan really wants. Without a second thought Susan became pregnant gave up her job, and they bought a house in Richmond.This sentence structurally is dictated in the middle of aparagraph, not at the end or in a paragraph of its let. This would suggest that it is not a man-sized decision that involves careful thought and planning just now more something that was decided because it was the obvious decision. Susan made a concession to popular decision or a decision that was implied by society to quit her job and a decision implied by society for Matthew to stay at work and earn an income to support the family. concord to de Beauvoir, by Susan accepting her role as Other this denies a great deal of her humanity so culminating in her depression, hallucinations and eventual suicide.In Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde as there is a distinct lack of female characters, this would imply that the males wealthy person taken the role of the subject (de Beauvoir, 1949 p. 19) and free being as the Victorian culture would dictate. This would naturally then make the very few female characters mentioned in the novella assume the role of the object constrained by the predominate male characters and being a type of humble, counterpart to males 5. The first mention of a female in the novella is the little girl that gets tramp lead.Enfield describes this encounter as natural (Stevenson, 1886 p. 9), which we as an audience know would clearly not be the case. The way in which Enfield blindly denies that this encounter was no accident highlights the solidarity of men 6and accentuates their government agency over helpless female characters. The little girl doesnt come to great harm however does depend on others to help her this is because she is the other (de Beauvoir, 1949) she is basically seen as feeble and evil because men are unable to visualize themselves as such.The character of Susan, in To room nineteen although seemingly independent and tinct at the beginning of the text, becomes exclusively dependent towards the end. She relies on Matthew for comfort when she isnt pure toneing herself and she eventually relies on him to give her the money so that she can make out a room in a hotel room nineteen. She only had to run across and fling herself into them, onto his hard, warm chest, and melt into herself, into Susan. This shows how Susan relies on Matthew to feel herself, without him she feels kindred a stranger soulless, nothing. She cannot think of herself without man (de Beauvoir, 1949 p.16). At this point however she feels toodistant from him that that place in his arms isnt hers any yearlong and she eventually feels like an imposter.In addition, although being dependant on Matthew, Susan is given the freedom to essentially do what she wants. Matthew gives her the money for the room, allows them to have an au straddle girl and is even accepting of Susans fabricated lover. This would, at the surface go against de Beauv oirs view of the Other being a person who is not free. On closer examination however this statement seems to be fundamentally flawed. To Susan, even when alone in the house with Mrs. Parkes, she still feels a certain rampart and unavoidable attachment to her life and worries. When she first rents room nineteen, the texts quotes She was alone. She was alone.She was alone. The repetition of this highlights how unhappy she is around the distractions and obligations of real, family life. It also points out how women, without the input of men can be completely happy without them, by themselves. In this text however Susan obviously cannot find complete happiness as she is tied to her family and tied to the cultural expectations of the time. When she talks to Miss. Townsend she conveys accepted jealousy and want for a life in solitude, I wish I was absolutely alone in the world, like you. This draws on the traditional mark in life to marry and have children not actually being the ideal for some women. In fact, being alone for Susan is the ideal and what we can account from this is even today, this can be the ideal for other women too.Matthew would be seen to have freedom and is definitely not concerned with conforming to social expectations when he so openly discusses his affairs. This may be because his role as a man dictates that he can behave how he likes and other woman, as they are the Other (de Beauvoir, 1949), will not question him. When Susan questions as to why Matthew does not feel the same depression as her it states,The good marriage, the house, the children, depended just as much on his voluntary bondage as it did on hers. But why did he not feel bound?This could arguably be because there is an unspoken twinge on Susan, as awoman from society, which is unknown to the couple. This makes all choices, seemingly decided by them both, actually decided by society. This unknown pressure on Susan is why Matthew doesnt feel bound.The idea of freedom is also prevalent in Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. If the women detailed in the novella are of low social status, thus assuming the role of the object and other which is limited and oppressed then arguably Dr. Jekyll should be completely free and not hold clog by these classifications. The monster that is Mr. Hyde however slowly takes over Dr. Jekyll until he is no more and nothing but the monster that remains. This brief condescension to my evil ultimately destroyed the balance of my soul, marks the point where Dr. Jekyll knows that the monster will soon completely take over and thus Dr. Jekyll will no yearner have any control or freedom over his body and over his actions.The novella describes the duality of man and not the duality of women. The Victorian age in which it was written would suggest that this is because women are just pleasing objects to be viewed and do not have a complex nature about them they are submissive creatures that will adhere to the role that men giv e them and are essentially unsophisticated. De Beauvoir states a womans function is, simply what man decrees thus she is called the sex (de Beauvoir, 1949 p. 16) by which we can deduce that in terms of the novella, the female characters are only there to serve the men, not having a brain of their own and to be complacent in all aspects of their lives.This quotation also has inner connotations. If women are called the sex then this could mean that women appear to men, chiefly as familiar beings. De Beauvoir states that there is an absolute human type, the masculine. Woman has ovaries, a uterus these peculiarities imprison her in subjectivity, circumscribe her within the limits of her own nature, (de Beauvoir, 1949, p.15) meaning that women are discriminated against because of their sexual organs which, through physical and hormonal differentiation paves the way for female oppression. The character of Susan in To room nineteen towards the end of the text doesnt feel like a woman any longer. On thinking aboutwhen all of her children are off her hands during school term it states, She would turn herself back into being a woman with a life of her own. Her having children and her using her reproductive organs to produce children makes her feel like that is all she is a mother, a womb but not a woman (de Beauvoir, 1949 p. 13).If having children then for Susan means that you are not a woman then this does pose the reader with the question, what makes a woman? De Beauvoir states, One is not born but rather becomes a woman (de Beauvoir, 1949). For Susan, this could mean that the qualities of a woman are not innate but rather learned either from society or from oneself. De Beauvoir believes that all beings have the right to define themselves however for Susan this seems to already have been done for her by society even though she appears seemingly free. Her decisions are always in accordance to societys expectations. She wants desperately to become the woman that she w as before she quit her job and had children however this is impossible for her, resulting in the loss of her theatrical role as a character and the physical loss in share from her suicide.This idea of voice is important, as although Susan is the main character of the text and her feelings and attitudes are foregrounded, this is not the case in her communication with others. She feels like she needs to lie to almost every other character in the text, most probably because she feels like her thoughts are too different than the social norm to be voiced. When Matthew knows that Susan is hiding something, Susan Understood that he hoped she did have a lover, he was begging her to say so, because otherwise it would be too terrifying.This highlights how isolated she is feeling. Like the demon that eventually takes over Dr. Jekyll, a bewilder takes over Susan and she feels like her once loving, equal partner who she so carefully waiting longer than her friends to marry is now someone who she fears will ridicule her and be unaccepting of the devil voice that slowly takes over her. Lessing describes Susans devil as being perhaps a middle-aged man misrepresent to be young. The impersonation of the devil being a man, could be seen as a metaphor for the males and men in society, although not voicing their opinions out loud any more, their views have become rooted in womens minds thus again highlighting this unspoken pressure. The comparison to the devil being a middle-aged man pretending to be young could suggest how even though womens suffrage is moving forward and men are becoming more accepting of womans rights, they are always going to have the slightly discriminative view of the older generation as they have been raised on these views.It could be suggested that it is the lack of a significant female voice in Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that drives men to become their dark side. Thus, Stevenson deliberately decided to foreground the voice of men and leav e out any major details about the female characters. The novella ultimately illuminates the instabilities of men, which, in turn, highlights the stabilities of women. It was not a woman that led to the eventual downfall of Dr. Jekyll it was the monster that the man created or the monster that was always a part of the man.On the surface, To Room Nineteen tells the story of an unfulfilled woman in 1960s suburbia and Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde deals with issues about the duality of man, without mention of women however as previously stated there are deeper issues entailed in both. Both texts deal with the problems surrounding female identity and voice and the consequences when this voice isnt expressed. To Room Nineteen, being written by a woman, questions the voice of women by letting the reader know her inner thoughts but not letting other characters know them. Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde being written by a man cleverly underlines the questions around the pos ition of women in society by hardly including them in the novella at all which was very common for literature in the Victorian culture.Both use different techniques however it could be argued that the main idea that can be taken from a feminist reading of these texts is that in order for equality of genders to progress and for females to be content, they must not allow their feelings to be suppressed by individuals or society as awhole. The characters in both texts choose to ignore the suppression of women and Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex chooses to bring them to our attention. In order to maintain a sizeable and balanced existence, men and woman need to be equal and not be classed as the other or the object. Without this, men and women are indentured to fail.

Observing Children

Three ruminations of tyke development. This is an assignment consisting of three observations pertaining to a childs development in three core areas, specifically, a young mortals social, emotional and corporal maturity. Firstly it contemplates the social development of a four year old boy in an educational nursery lay, via an observation utilizing the narrative technique. Secondly the intellectual (cognitive) development of a five year old girl is reflected upon in a home setting, using the sampling approach.Finally the physical maturity of a four year old boy is considered in a home setting, using the checklist method. These individual records highlight areas that are deemed to be apposite to the applicable study, drawing conclusions and evaluating how the findings are relevant. These inferences are supported by appropriate theory, before conferring recommendations correlating to the observation, considering future needs/requirements. Observation one Social development. Name of perceiver Lee Bogan. Name of child O. Age of child Four years, two months.Gender Male. Time observation started 9. 15. Time observation finished 9. 45 Method Narrative. issuing of children 5. Number of Adults 2. Date October 2009. Background Child O is an only child from a single parent family and spends a lot of time with his mother and grandmother. He also suffers from a disorder which is supposed to infringe upon his social development. Aim To observe a child aged four years two months contend outdoors in a nursery with other children, concentrating on and highlighting the preschoolers social development.Objective To assess Os confidence in concordance with his ability to develop friendships and move with peers. Setting Educational nursery for children aged between three and four. There are places for thirty children in a session, six of which are allocated to resource children who may or may non come from the local area. Brief description O is outside playing with tensil e crates and planks of wood. There are other children in the same vicinity also playing with the materials. Description O is making a structure comprising of plastic crates and woody planks.He asks another(prenominal) child for a die. This request is not acted upon. It becomes apparent that the edifice being constructed is a bridge when O discusses which focusing the bridge should look with the supervising adult, who offers him guidance and advice. O and so exclaims hell move this, picking up a plastic crate, followed by a plank of wood, creating a new-sprung(prenominal) fraction of the bridge. This is achieved devoid of any assistance from other children and with a small amount of structured direction from the attentive adult. Subsequently O directs another child who is holding a plank of wood, asserting put it here.O then proceeds to move a plastic crate and woody plank in order to adjoin it to a nearby slide that another child is utilizing. He reiterates give me a hand som ebody, I need a hand. This request is again to no avail. Hereafter O manipulates a cart/pram to reposition a plastic crate which he complements with a wooden plank, resulting in the formation of an extension to the bridge. Other children meanwhile are exploiting the sections of the bridge that cod already been assembled. O gives the cart/ pram to another child. He is then asked to ring the bell to signify that it is time to tidy up.O smiles and walks over to where the bell is located. He elevates and rings the bell, smiling. The supervising adult recompenses this action/behaviour with the words swell up done. Evaluation O appears confident(p) around his peers. He explicitly asks for assistance moving building materials on numerous occasions demonstrating that he is not adverse to entering into communication and initiating social interaction with others. He fundamentally invites other children to interact with him, though the other children appear to either not have heard the requ ests made or chose to give the axe them.Given the close proximity of the other children, the latter scenario appears to be most likely. That ascertained, it could be construed that child O was in circumstance a socially neglected child amongst his peer group (Coie, Dodge & Coppotelli, 1982). This research describes socially neglected children as children who are neither a care nor dislike companion and appear almost invisible to their peers. This implies that neglected children are not being rejected by peers as they are not disliked they are not recognised as being either socially favourable or unfavourable.Coie & Dodge (1983) actually stipulate that children who are disliked angle of dip into the category of rejected children and furthermore their research avers that it is far more advantageous to be neglected as opposed to rejected. This is asserted to be high-fidelity as Cassidy & Asher (1992) and Crick & Ladd (1993) suggest that neglectees do not feel as lonely as rejectees . Moreover, neglected children are far more likely to gain a more favourable sociometric status in comparison to rejected children, should they enrol into a new play group (Coie & Dodge, 1983).O also appears to be confident when talking and interacting with the adult supervising the play area. When deciding which direction the bridge should rotate towards O listens to the adult and uses their advice to deduce an appropriate conclusion to the immediate problem, declaring, Ill move this. It can be intimated from this that O is confident in his own decision making and not afraid to act upon his own rationale of situations. He interacts well and shows purpose and persistence in his behaviour towards the task being undertaken. The way O interacts with other children during his play is perplexing.For the majority of the time he is sedulous in his own solitary play, also referred to as non-social activity (Parten, 1932). This would infer that child O was not succeeding in or attempting t o develop friendships with others, however, it could be insinuated that this is not the case. Although he does spend a large majority of his time in what Parten (1932) depicts as either non-social (solitary play) or parallel (when children play side by side but interact little and do not try to influence the behaviour of others) play, O does display behaviour in the most innovational phase of Partens (1932) stages of play co-operative play. Co-operative play incorporates children collaborating to achieve shared goals (Parten, 1932). O asks for assistance on numerous occasions with the building of the bridge, as highlighted earlier, in effect inviting the other children to work with him to build the bridge. The other children appear to ignore him, isolating him from the rest of the group, but it could be reasoned that this is not a reflection of Os ability to initiate interaction and form friendships but rather a reflection of the way the rest of the group appear to perceive and ig nore him.The same can be derived from the behaviour O displays when he gives the pram/cart to another child (sharing toys) and gets no feedback from the beneficiary by way of extension/thank you, or by the gesture of moving the bridge over to the slide this could be perceived as an attempt to allow the other children to interact and socialise with him but they instead choose to ignore him, nevertheless exploiting and utilizing the apparatus he has just made accessible to them. O also gives direction to another child in relation to where the plank of wood they are holding should be positioned.This again can be identified to be the more travel stage of play in four year olds, according to Parten (1932), as it does not fall into the category of non-social or parallel play since it incorporates other children. deduction O does display behaviour associated with the social developmental norms for four year olds stipulated by Riddall-Leech (2008) in demonstrating that he is confident sh owing purpose and persistence as well as showing willingness to develop friendships with peers.He also shows signs of co-operative play (Parten, 1932). However, it is apparent that his peers are not receptive to his attempts at initiating social interaction. From the information gathered it could be argued that this is due to the other children neglecting (Coie & Dodge, 1983) O in favour of other more auspicious companions.The fact that O also mainly interacts with adults outside of the nursery setting as he is an only child from a single parent family, who spends most of his time with his mother and grandmother, may have an impact on the way he interacts and the language he uses. This may be alien to other children who regularly socialise with both adults and children alike, isolating O from the other children, who could be faint of how to socialise with him.Recommendations It could be deemed beneficial for O to socialise with another group of children as Coie & Dodge (1983) expre ss that children neglected by their companions can gain an improve sociometric status and increased social acceptance within a group of new peers. This would not necessarily mean O leaving the nursery on the contrary, this could be achieved via involvement in a club/social activity outside of the nursery. Some kind of social interaction with children outside of the nursery in any situation could be perceived to be beneficial in helping Os social development.

Romeo and Juliet Persuasive

Who Truly is to Blame? Choosing between telling the truth and belongings a secret are both hard decisions to make. In the play, Romeo and Juliet, these decisions can make or break a situation. The play is all about secrets kept and truths to be told, which end up causing the death of the star-crossed lovers. The story between the two lovers is that their affection for one another is a secret to each oppose houses. Was the secret worth keeping? As some characters helped disguise the love, others couldnt keep it a secret.Romeo and Juliet were betrayed by a close friend who made plans that finish up fraudulent to both Romeo & Juliet, when the real job was to keep the love alive. beggar Lawrence is the definite reason for the deaths of the ill-fated lovers. Friar Lawrence was a useful attri only whene to the secreted love affair. As he married Romeo & Juliet, he passionately supported their decision. You shall not stay alone, till holy church control two in one(841). Friar g ave true evidence to him supporting the marriage. If Friar had not thought he could keep the marriage a secret, why would he have performed the ceremony?If Friar had not supported the secret and balked the love from occurring, the deaths of the paramours could have been prohibited. Friar Lawrence performing the ceremony just goes to show he did not put in mind what could happen to the safety of Romeo & Juliet. Friar Lawrence seemed to have a plan for Romeo to return back to his love. Ascend to her chamber, and then and comfort her. But look thou shalt live till we can find a time to blaze you marriage, reconcile your friends, beg pardon of the prince, and ring thee back with twenty hundred thousand times more joy than thou wentst forth in lamination(863).Briefly, Friar showed his full plan for presenting Romeo & Juliets marriage to both the Capulet and Montague houses. In general, Friar should have either never agreed to the marriage or should have kept it a secret from eve ryone to prevent Romeos sudden banishment and Juliets heartbreak. Friars plan did not help as went planned, it damaged the situation. Therefore, Friar Lawrence contributed another reason why he is responsible for the death of Romeo & Juliet. Numerous pack believe that Friar Lawrence was at the helm for the quietus of Romeo & Juliet, while others have a difference of opinion.People have confidence that Lord Capulet is to charge for the deaths. Capulet allegedly forced marriage upon Juliet causing her dejection. Also, Lord Capulet did not support Juliets decision to not marry Paris, being that he would disown his own pride and joy if she had chosen not to wed. Capulets dynamic ways made abounding people believe that he was the clue behind the deaths. However, Juliets father did attempt to postpone the exchange of vows to County Paris until he assumed Juliet was matured and prepared for the send of marriage.As stated, My child is yet a stranger in the world, she hath not seen c hange for fourteen years Let two more summers wither in their pride, ere we whitethorn think her ripe to be a bride(769). For that matter, Capulet only tried to be a virtuous father and do what was best for his daughter, but easily let pressure and royalty run his decisions. On the other hand, Friar Lawrence was secretive and unfaithful as a priest and close friend. Friar tried to inspire every problem which in the end made nobody happy. Both the Montagues and Capulets have lost their beloveds from a far past feud.Was it all worth losing? Friar was censurable for the loss of Romeo & Juliet. To summarize, Friar Lawrence was 100% at fault for the deaths of Romeo & Juliet. Between his poorly thought out plans, the pain he caused Verona, and how dishonorable he was as a priest, he, in fact, let down Romeo & Juliet. He may have wanted the best for everyone and to make all happy, but he caused more problems than solutions. Consequently, all of the facts I have stated are tantam ount to why Friar Lawrence is to blame for the unfortunate events.

Critical Response on “One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest” Essay

There have been many struggles in history amidst laterality and those who controert it. The most obvious and most common example is revolutions against governments. We live in a society where perceptual constancy and assimilation are not just recommended, simply also enforced. We have the right for civil disobedience, so long as it is non-violent and within reason. In the book, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, R.P McMurphy, a brawling, gaming man enters a mental asylum in Oregon, and begins to wage war on behalf of his fellow inmates. and he finds himself at odds with carry Ratched, a strict, manipulative and methodical woman who runs the ward resembling a precision-made machine. The book follows McMurphys actions that constantly clash with the reserve, and what she represents authority. By the end of the book, there are many examples of struggles against the higher power, and it is in my opinion that the statement when authority and individuals come into conflict, authorit y al way of lifes wins prohibited is incorrect, because individuals do not have to win the physical conflict to win the battle of brains.From day one, the ref finds that McMurphy is out to cause trouble. Gambling is illegal in the ward, but McMurphy declares that he was sent to the institution to remove the inpatients some fun an entertainment around the gaming table(p. 16). He starts interrupting daily meetings, which the hold in treats with oft importance. And whenever he is reprimanded for something, he laughs. The laughing is the most important part of his self-defence, as it is the only legal way he faeces fight back against authority. It is a symbol of defiance, and a sign of McMurphys freedom. It shows that, no matter what the institution does to him, he still has his mental independence.As the reader progresses further on in the story, McMurphy makes a bet that he can get the checks goat. When he finds he has no ward-clothes (p. 79), he runs around in a towel, be to drop it at times, while the distressed Nurse tries, in vain, to make him get dressed. Then, the same morning, he takes bets on his accuracy astir(predicate) throwing butter at the clock (p. 85). McMurphy wants to watch the World Series, and takes a vote from each the saner patients. While all of them vote to watch it, the Nurse shuts theidea down, even when McMurphy gets the majority. When airing on television (p. 114), he stops work and proceeds to exploit on the television, sit down, and watch the game.When the rest of the men decide to stop work and join him, and the Nurse turns the power off, they continue to watch, just to show that her power and authority has nothing over them. This is an example of individuals competitiveness against authority. They might not be successful in the real world (having to wear clothes, not existence able to watch the baseball game), but inside theyre freer than theyve ever been before. Being downtrodden and strict by the Nurse forced them to become lessThings begin to grow bigger and more important as the story progresses. McMurphy realizes that his release is dependent on his good behavior, and tones down his obnoxious acts. However, he still finds that Nurse Ratched is going to keep him in the hospital for as long as she wants. He tries to be subdued, and in doing so, another rebellious inmate called Cheswick, who had tried very hard to be like McMurphy, kills himself, because he thinks that McMurphy has been overcome (p. 136).Nurse Ratched sees the change in McMurphy, and to gain total control of the ward, she demands penance for the insubordination during the World Series. McMurphy smiles and nods, but destroys the glass that separates the nurses room from the ward, to show his true feelings (p. 155). He excuses himself, saying that the window was so spick an sail that he completely forgot it was there. This shows how he is standing up to authority, and while he doesnt change anything in the real world, it shows the inmates and himself that inside they are free.Part III describes McMurphys fishing expedition. He takes the men on an excursion on a fishing boat, much against the Nurses wishes, but by tricking the remedy to come along, he succeeds. While there is not much about Nurse Ratched in that part, header Bromden, the narrator of the story, notices that the Combine is working on the outside too with commuters and houses and children (p. 186). He had been in the ward for about 20 years, and a lot had probably passed since he was younger. However, this glimpse into society makes them realize that they (as patients) arent as monotonous as this, and they can be more free than they are already.Within a hebdomad of the trip, Nurse Ratched is ready with her new plan. She tries to show McMurphy as a con man, stealing and wining money from all the patients. But she is shocked to discover that all the patients were happy to lose that money, as they enjoyed themselves, and werent using it for a nything else anyway. afterward a few more instances of insurgence (McMurphy and Bromdens fight with the staff p. 215 continuous interruptions to ward procedures p. 229), the closing insurrection came McMurphys party.McMurphy organizes for two of his friends to come to the ward for a party that would also serve as his breakout. After a great night, everyone falls asleep, and in the morning, the day-staff came before anyone can wake up in time. After searching for Billy Bibbit, and finding him unashamed of his actions the previous night, the Nurse gives him a guilt trip, threatening to tell his mother, and then locking him in the wards doctors room. Billy commits suicide, and the Nurse tries to blame it on McMurphys lack of respect for authority.Realising that any chances of surviving are ruined, and that his battle with authority is now at its final stage, McMurphy sacrifices himself (and consequently his mental-independence) by attacking Nurse Ratched, exposing her as a vulnerable woman, and destroying any sense of authority and control she had left over the patients. This is the final action between two desperate factions the authority and the autonomy. The showdown ends with McMurphy being captured, but because the other patients see the nurse as a woman, and not as the dominant Nurse, she can never have the same control over them as she had previously had.McMurphy is lobotomized, but before the ward can see him in his vegetable-like state, Chief Bromden smothers him with a pillow, and then breaks down a wall to freedom. The patients never get to see McMurphy as a vegetable, so their last memory of him alive is his attack on the Nurse. McMurphy is remembered as a symbol of resistance, and as a hero against the authority that had cowed the patients for so long.I believe that McMurphy shows the reader that while the authority may be able to make you conform, you can still remain free inside, which is more important than anything else on earth. Because it is against nationalregulations to take away freedom, and as long as you have your sanity and your mental independence, nothing can beat you.

Decrease in Supply of Dalda Ghee

OLPERS take out EXPIRES BEFORE final result DATE PREPARED FOR THE regional MANAGER,ENGRO FOODS, COL. AKHTAR KHALILI PREPARED BY ASST. QUALITY CONTROL MANAGER DECEMBER 29, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE abstract. 03 INTRODUCTION.. 04 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 04 FACTS AND FINDINGS.. 05 1. Testing Expired milk Before demise Date.. 05 2. Survey Of rig In Sukkur. O6 3.Chain Of Distributors07 DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS. 08 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY- This melodic theme comprises of the cause of decline in the barter of Olpers Milk as many complaints were received quoting that milk was expired before the exit assignment. This report analyses the causes and recommend certain solutions that Engro Foods should take to correct this situation. The report likewise clarifies that Olpers Milk is 100% spacious of nutrition and have no harmful chemicals or bacteria which could cause diseases. INTRODUCTION-Engro foods launched its most notable product Olpers milk in the year 2006. Since then thi s product is highly demanded all everyplace Pakistan. Recently many complaints have been made from our most valuable customers that milk was expired before the last date. This report comprises of facts and findings about this cause of also-ran of Olpers milk due to which our bar of nifty go forth is decreasing. After study of this report you will be able to answer the following questions * Who was responsible was this failure of Olpers milk? * What ar the dry lands behind this line? What initiative should be taken to solve this problem? CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS- After completing all my research work and findings on this problem I came to a conclusion that the distributors of Olpers milk were at fault, they played with our trust and good will. They removed the original expiry date form the tetra pack container of Olpers milk and printed a new expiry date just to lift the consequences of over stocking of inventory. Olpers milk is full of nutrition than any other tetra p ack milk. It consists of some good nutritional fats that give it a rich flavor and taste.According to my survey of whole kit and caboodle and dairy farm no harmful chemical of bleaching agent is added in our milk its pure and healthy. Following argon the recommendations I conclude on the basis of my finding * Engro foods should immediately break its contract with JAVED BROS. chain of distributors as they utilise our product for their benefit and directly blamed our brand for providing expired milk. * Promotional deals should be launched for Olpers milk for increasing its demand. * New advertisements should be on aired to promoting Olpers milk and for gaining back the trust of our customers * JAVED BROS. hould be sued and compensation should be demanded. FACTS AND FINDINGS- For finding the real causes behind our customers complains I made certain surveys and researches to come to a conclusion. The research findings presented here falls in to four categories 1. Testing Expired Milk Before Expiry Date 2. Survey Of Plant In Sukkur 3. Chain Of Distributors 1) TESTING OF EXPIRED MILK BEFORE EXPIRY DATE- I started my work by examination the expired milk before expiry date to discern about the actual damage of the milk. The results showed that milk was actually expired and had been curdled and a fight smelly.The expired milk contained a few percentage of urea in it which revealed that it was harmful and expired. Due to this reason our sales declined by a heavy margin in last month as compared to our competitors coat (ml) PERCENTAGE OF SALES IN NOVEMBER 2012 OLPERS HALEEB MILKPACK MILLAC NIDO 1000 46 45 70 45 39 500 50 65 85 57 49 250 13 12 19 10 20 This rapid decrease of sales came with no of complaints as well and I compared the complaints of last iii months and found out that that in November complaints were increased by 90%. ) SURVEY OF SUKKUR PLANT- After testing the expired milk I visited our milk processing plant in Sukkur and there I came to know th at Olpers milk is being processed in the correct way and no harmful chemicals are being added in it to affect the expiry process earlier. The nutritional values of our milk are in accordance with those suggest by Worlds Health Organization Here we can also see that expired milk did not contain any amount of iron in it as it was turned in to urea after expiring. 3) CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTORS- My final survey was of the chain of distributors we use to serve up our roduct in market we recently changed our distributors an 2012 and had signed a deal with JAVED BROS. chain of distributors. I disguised myself as a new trainee over there and spend a week analyzing the situation over there. I came to know that from past few months they are having a problem of overstocking of Olpers Milk and as its a perishable good it has to be used otherwise the distributor will face outlet (Packets ) S. No Month Order Demand 1 September 30000 28000 2 October 31000 22810 2 November 37000 29000The above berate is the ending inventory chart of distributors of Olpers Milk. This shows that the Distributors are at fault and for their own profit are selling the expired milk by changing its expiry date. 3) DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS- Olpers Milk is the sign of good taste. Never in past six years such problem has occurred as Engro Foods works with honesty and show complete dedication towards their work. They have even created employment for women in their Sukkur plant and also give employment to women in Punjab to collect milk form dairy farms and deposit in Olper containers.The Facts and Findings of my research also mention the fact that Engro Foods were not at fault. Distributors played a deadly mealy with us and tried to destroy our good will just off the sake of their own profit. * UHT OLPERS MILK- Olpers Milk can never get expired before its expiry date as Engro foods uses UHT(ultra heat treatment)method to pasteurize the milk for 3-4 seconds under 275?. It uses a special new technology LA CTOSTAR from China to make sure milk is 100% suitable for health.

How Have Us-China Relationship Been Refashioned By The Crisis Essay

The frugal crisis experienced over the recent past tense has had a resoundingly negative effect across the globe. Altman (2009a, p. 527) describes it as the worst in over 75 years. Different people and different occurrences contributed variedly toward this crisis. However, about researchers tend to point fingers towards the US and blame it solely for orchestrating the crisis with its dubious economic policies and fiscal excesses (Dibb, 2009, p. 3 and Altman, 2009a, p. 527). Wright (2009, p. 59) furthers this ideology by saying that the recession originated in spic-and-span York and, and give cargon a wildfire, spread to Asia and otherwise parts of the world. fit in to Altman (2009b, p. 5), as a result, The overall persona is a grim one a deep, truly spheric and destabilizing downturn, with world GDP falling for the startle era in post-war period.Given rising populations, such an outright contraction is stunning. China on the other hand chooses to distant itself away fro m the blame game. Wright (2009, p. 64) supports this reaction by saying that China is not blaming US for the crisis. According to them, the crisis was a culmination of a series of topics performed by different countries in relations to their affair methods, economic policies, domestic marketing tendencies as well as overall governance. This has been a tactful turn out for china more so with the looming speculations of them wanting to take full advantage of the crisis to impose influence of their minimally scathed domestic economy.It also provides a platform for good interrelations with the US, if need be, since there is no bad-blood in the midst of them as opposed to the critiquing nations. For china, their strong domestic market acts as a cushion in this tough time that many nations are languishing in economic distress. Despite facing low revenues from their exports and generally having to deal with the contest of fluctuating prices of commodities, it has been able to get sol ace from their stable Foreign exchange trading (Altman, 2009a, p. 31). In sapiently contrast, the US-the strongest nation in the world is finding it hard to cope with the crisis. Apart from allegedly overspending beyond their means, the financial injuries in their banks and credit-markets combined with the unprecedented liquidity levels have forced US down on their knees (Altman, 2009b, 529). To bring up matters worse, there have been recent concerns of the US loosing its focus from ensuring coherence, coordination and leadership. Altman (2009b, p. ) equates this tendency to the inward preoccupation of the US with severe unemployment, housing challenges and fiscal pressures. He exemplifies this by saying, US household lost 20 percent of their network worth in scarcely 18 months, dropping from a peak of $64. 4 trillion in mid 2007 to $51. 5 billion at the end of 2008 (p. 3). On the other hand, it looks like china could cast up its diplomatic presence in the development world b y sharing its vast acumen of resources and ideologies (Altman, 2009b p. 3). According to Altman (2009a p. 28), This relatively unscathed position gives china the opportunity to solidify its strategic advantages as the united States and europium struggle to recover by investing in places where US and Europe cant. In essence, this rustle by china combined with other Scandinavian countries threatens to overthrow the States from the global driving seat. Altman (2009a, 527) competently describes it as shifting the worlds centre of gravity away from the united states. An Analyst like Dibb (2009, p. 2) is already voicing out his opinions to this by saying the global wealth is speeding from the east to west.In fact, he goes further and says We think that the global financial crisis go forth hasten the relative decline of the States and Improve Chinas status (2009, p. 5). Such opinions are, however, greatly discouraged as they may just aggravate the highly polarised relationship between China and USA. Rediker (2009, p. 555-556) challenges America to copy from other well doing countries if they are to survive. He further voices out the deficit in ideology and capital which has facilitated null movement of the US economy, and asks them to swallow their pride by borrowing a leaf from the attested pages of Chinas ideologies.This is curiously important with the rising concerns of Chinas ascendancy in geopolitical standings based on the change magnitude car sales, freight shipment and electricity consumption thus offering it great financial leverage (Altman, 2009b, p. 7). Nevertheless, other analysts conceive that this crisis may lead to a better relationship between China and US. This they believe can be done by Obama administration giving China a more commutation role in the IMF as well as bringing them to the G8 (Altman, 2009a, p. 528). To them, China ideologies in terms of geopolitical measures are similar to those of the US i. . twain do not want Iran to acquir e nuclear weapons. Again, both China and US are capitalist in nature and therefore finding a inwardness ground for a starting a mutual relationship will not be precise problematic. Based on such factors, Altman (2009b, p. 7) concludes that It is increasingly clear that the US-Chinese relationship will emerge as the most important bilateral one in the world. As a point of caution, Dibb (2009, p. 3) warns that USA and China should hold dear one another with respect-if such a deal is struck- or else, dire consequences could erupt in the event of a mass unrest from either ends.Of course there are underlying issues like USA routing for free markets and China supporting a controlled market which may presumably conflict. However, proponents of better relations between China and US believe that the overall good of the world will supersede such small fry differences (Dibb, 2009, p. 4). It is desperate times for US and maybe, that is the reason why they are going for desperate measures. Being into the unchartered waters of financial down-surge, the US has taken stern measures to resuscitate its economy.This is based on the trial and ill luck of an example is them stopping to spend on discretionary items and are tho focusing on only the basics. Through this, they are able to save more and pay down their debts. China has commended this move and say it opens doors for fostering better relationships with other countries (Altman, 2009a, p. 531). In conclusion, hope is not lost even in these difficult times of financial distress. Coincidentally, this crisis coincides with the tenure of Barrack Obama as president and his message of hope even in times of hopelessness.As for now, Atman (2009a, p. 39) say that The united states will have to operate from a smaller global platform-while others, especially china, will have a pass off to rise faster. Critics should nevertheless watch for USAs comeback their slip does not mean they have fallen (Wright, 2009, p. 556). In fact , this should be a chance for both China and USA to demonstrate good leadership by working together. By doing this, the economic crisis-which not only affects the US and China but also other parts of the world will eventually be a thing of the past (Wright, 2009, p. 566).

Newell Company: The Rubbermaid Opportunity Essay

In October 1998, Newell Company was considering a optical fusion with Rubbermaid Incorporated to form a naked as a jaybird company, Newell Rubbermaid Incorporated. The agreement would be through a tax-free exchange of sh bes valued at $5.8 billion. Newell had revenues of $3.7 billion in 1998 across three major product groupings Hardw ar and Home Furnishings, Office Products, and Housewares. Rubbermaid is a renowned manufacturer of a wide range of plastic products ranging from childrens toys through housewares.Once the transaction is completed, Newell will produce he surgical process of assimilating Rubbermaids operations through a process called Newellization. The companies expect that the unification will create synergy through the leveraging of Newell Rubbermaid brands. By 2000, these efforts are expected to produce increases over anticipated 1998 results of $300 to $350 million in operating income for the agreed company.Reading the case analysis, there are many issues that I feel are concerning this spinal fusion and I feel that Newell should not process with this merger. firstly of all, this is a tough and alarming challenge to Newells capacity to meld and strengthen acquisitions. How would Newell bring Rubbermaid into the newellization process since they take a leak completely unlike products? Another question that comes to mind is how does Newell coordinate all its divisions and what changes will it bring on to make to create synergy with Rubbermaid? Does the newellization process fit for Rubbermaid? Lastly, are the risks acceptable for Newell to merge with Rubbermaid? Newell needs a very well thought out personal line of credit plan and has to answer these questions before they proceed.There are advantages and disadvantages in this merger. I will start with the advantages. If this merger goes through, it will be a quantum step in Newells growth. The merger will be uniting dickens companies that are leaders in their industries. by dint of the merger, Newell will gain the international presence that Rubbermaid has. Both companies stop create synergy within their divisions and Newell can expand their product credit line internationally. Thereare certain products in Rubbermaids product line that Newell does not cast. Another advantage the merger will create is increased operating income. Some disadvantages of the people are that Newell would be exposed to a tough challenge to the companys capacity to combine its acquisitions. One stupendous disadvantage is the risk that is involved in the deal for Newell.Newell is a very right company, and a company whose customers are very satisfied. They are very successful with their acquisitions due to their exemplary newellization process. Rubbermaid shortly has many problems with their company such as bad customer relations, their operations are not lean, increases argument has taken away market share, and their financial targets seem unrealistic. Newell needs to understand these problems and realize what they will have to deal with if they join with Rubbermaid. Doing my research I have come up with many more disadvantages than advantages toward this merger and that is why I feel that these companies should not merge.In todays business world, companies change detainment all the time through mergers and acquisitions. Most of the time, the security propositions of new ventures are disregarded. Company A whitethorn have the most secure network, but when they couple this network with Company B, youre exposing your company to a whole new set of risks. The first step is that Newell needs to assess the business risk. Reputation prejudice is an issue, which Newell will be affected by. Rubbermaid has bad customer relations because it has angered its most important retail buyers with the heavy-handed way it has passed its rising cost. They have given their competitors a lot of shelf space.A big question mark comes to my mind is when I think about how Newell w ill bring Rubbermaid into the Newellization process. Newellization is described as a well established bring in improvement and productivity enhancement process that is applied to integrate newly acquired product lines. The newellization process includes the centralization of key administrative functions including data processing, accounting, and EDI, and inauguration of Newells rigorous, multi-measure, divisional operating control system. Reading the case analysis, Rubbermaid is extremely incompetent in these areas. Their operations are adept of their biggest problems. According to thecase, although it excels in creativity, product quality, and merchandising, Rubbermaid is showing itself to be a laggard in more sublunar areas such as modernizing machinery, eliminating unnecessary jobs, and making deliveries on time. Looking at Rubbermaid and analyzing their problems, they have totally the oppositeness qualities of companies that Newell has acquired in the past.Newells acquired c ompanies were mature businesses with unrealized earnings potential. Rubbermaid has had a mature business for quite a long time and I do not see any room for unrealized profit potential. They have a very big international presence and Newell will end up smart themselves once they have to deal with Rubbermaid and their incompetence. I do not feel that the newellization process fits Rubbermaid because these are two companies that have been around for a while, and it is not like Rubbermaid is a start-up or a fairly juvenile company that can be changed around quickly and all of the sudden have lean operations, which newellization has turn out it can do with previous acquisitions. Newell should stick to their business principle and do what they have done in the past, which is to acquire small to medium sized companies and integrate them into the newellization process and create an enormous amount of synergy. I always believe that one should do something that they know best or have ma ke love in and not pursue a totally different market in which that have no experience in.In this case, Newell does not have any experience with acquiring a company that is worth billions. A merger example that recently occurred which has turned into a blunder is the AOL Time Warner merger. These were two totally different companies in different industries that thought they could merge and be a giant in the Internet and Media/entertainment industry. The outcome of this merger is that the CEOs of both companies are being laughed at in the business world. AOL Time Warner stock price is in the dump and the company is in real trouble. Newell can vacate all this by again looking at their previous acquisitions and seeing what type of companies they acquired, which were companies with unrealized profit potential and who had the ability to create synergy in a short amount of time with Newells existing divisions.In conclusion, the deal is attractive for Newell but is not worth the risk that is involved. The key to merger and acquisitions is to not jump on your first instinct and just merge or acquire a company thats price looks cheap.You have to determine what the company will look like in the future. Lack of foresight will cause a huge problem. Rising raw material costs along with Rubbermaids operational problems will impair the whole newellization process. Rubbermaid has very sour relationships with their clients and Newell will have an extremely difficult time fixing those relationships. If the two companies merge, only investors or individuals who follow business intelligence will know that these two companies are one. The average customer will still know of Rubbermaid as Rubbermaid. I feel that Rubbermaid brings a lot of heavy baggage to the table and will hurt the round off and exemplary business that Newell has attained.

The Beguines: The Brave, Religious Women of the Middle Ages

Women were expected to be twain things in the heart and souls Ages, they either endure under the charge of a husband in the household or use herself to the Church in a convent as a nun. However, something unfamiliar happened in the late twelfth century in parts of Europe, e peculiarly the upsetlands, Germany and Italy.Women who were called beguines gained prominence as they questioned those stereotyped concepts of being women and lived outside of those boundaries. During the Middle Ages, women who entered Beguinages (Beguine houses or convents) were non bound by permanent vows, in contrast to women who entered convents.It would seem that these women responded spontaneously to the body of sound of the Holy Spirit to live a simple communal life of prayer, to cargon for the poor, the sick, lepers and orphaned, to t from each one, make lace, garden and anything else which enables them to be frugalally promiscuous in their respective communities. They also take a delegacy and taught the Scriptures in the vernacular. The beguines had a precise special devotion to the Eucharist and to the Passion of Christ. The beguines were ordinary women who were in a certain world, scarcely not really part of it.They are pious women whose devotional ardor very much surpassed that of recluse nuns. Like them, they dedicated their lives to God in a disciplined modus vivendi, entirely un homogeneous them they did not professed religious vows. In sum, it was the lifestyle of the early beguines, a lifestyle founded on intense spirituality, which differentiated them on the one hand from opposite worldlywomen and on the bracingborn(prenominal) from nuns. Women could enter beguinages having already been married and they could leave the beguinages to marry. Some women even entered the beguinages with children.Various debates exist with regards to their origins, but some 1150, groups of women, eventually called beguines, began living together for the purposes of econom ic self-sufficiency and a religious vocation. The attitudes of the clerics towards blossoming beguine case were ambivalent at first. They deemed that these were groups of religious women who were dedicated to chastity and charity, which could not be condemned in any way. The fact that they existed and existed without men, except for priests and confessors to lead them, was suspect to the ecclesiastical hierarchy.For this and many other(a) reasons, many beguines came to be known as heretics and were brutally persecuted. Though they were never an approved religious order, at one point they were granted special privileges and exemptions customary for approved orders. The Church, however, did not approve of their lack permanent vows. Women were not supposed to have that a good deal freedom. What is particularly interesting sound-nigh the Beguines was that, unlike most of those considered heretics, most of them considered themselves orthodox, but still beguines.Some strongly determ ine themselves as such and while in court testified to that effect, demonstrating self-identification with the group. Yet, the group was diverse and is hard to define. This diversity was payable in part to the geographical distribution as well as to the individual autonomy of each community. However, the beguines great devotion to the Eucharist emphasized the real presence of the incarnated Lord. At the height of the beguine movement the cattle ranch of Corpus Christi was decreed by Pope Urban IV in 1264, and there is no doubtfulness that the Eucharistic piety of the beguines attributed to the keeping of this feast.Indeed, the beguines wanted to imitate their Lord and to live as the Spirit stir them. The first beguines were not subject to a rule of life, neither did the beguine have to make a life-time commitment. She was free to leave or to marry. Such a way of life was very attractive to the devout woman, and it is not surprising that their numbers grew swiftly. It was a welco me alternative to the cloister or marriage, although for women to live without the protection of the convent or a husband was quite revolutionary in the early medieval period.Undoubtedly, the beguines had become an big come apart not only in the history of womens movement, but also the development of the Catholic faith. Origins of the Beguines devil important movements in the 12th century had their impact on those who became known as beguines. The Cistercian monk, Bernard of Clairvaux (1090- 1153), especially from his literary works on The Song of Songs emphasized the importance of a personal relationship between the soul and the Lord. He allegorized this relationship as being similar to that of the bride and the heavenly Bridegroom.This union between the beloved and the lover was a foundation upon which the feminist mystics, including beguines, developed an intimate spirituality with their Lord. Of course the receiving of Christ in the Blessed eucharist was the outward act of this union. Closely associated with this nuptial image of Bernard was the reasonable mystic and learned lover of his friend, William of St. Thierry (1085-1148), who happened to live in Liege, the birthplace of the beguine movement.He appealed to the soul to know God in perfect love, which also appealed to these mystics (McNichols, 2002). Another chemical element contributing to the birth of the beguine movement was the vita apostolica, which St. Francis of Assisi had preached by re free reining to the ideals that our Lord had preached to His disciples poverty, simplicity and a burning thirst to preach the Gospel. The acceptance of this Franciscan preaching and mendicant order in 1215, even though no new orders were supposed to be have founded, gave inspiration to like-minded souls (McNichols, 2002).In the early twelfth century a new order, Premonstratensains, was founded in Liege by Norbert of Xanten who allowed religious women to be attached and to do charity work in the world. H owever his successor reversed this role and all nuns were expelled from the order by the end of the century. In a way, these sisters were the forerunners of the beguines (McNichols, 2002). In addition, when the church structures were becoming increasingly inaccessible to women in the 13th century where convents were overcrowded and debut dowries were expensive womens orders were scarce and subject to male oversight.At this time in Liege and Antwerp, on the peripheries of urban centers, independent communities of women began to appear. They lived by the work of their hands, often caring for the poor, the sick and the dying, and carried on regular devotional practices. They sought an unstructured, nonhierarchic spiritual life that was both active (in the sense of ministering to the needs of others) and contemplative (in the sense that meditation and magician hold out were highly valued and developed) (Petroff 1994, p. 51-52). This was the seed of what would become the beguinages.M ore elaborately, Walter Simons explained in the preface to Cities of Ladies Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565 (2001) that the most widely held scholarly opinions about the origins of the beguines both have their source in medieval materials. crowd of Vitrys second Sermon to Virgins, written sometime between 1229 and 1240, provides Joseph Greven with his argument that the beguines were nuns manquees, women who became beguines because they could not be nuns (p. x). Similarly a statement on the origins of the beguines made by a clerical committee who visited the beguinage of St.Elizabeth of Ghent in 1328 became the keister for Karl Buchers argument that the beguine movement was the result of a surplus of women in the urban areas of the Southern Low Countries and other parts of northern Europe. As Simons summarized that the two materials of James of Vitry and the bishops men at Ghent agreed on some(prenominal) points they argued that large numbers of young women of the best families, in their desire to live chastely, attempted to critical point a nunnery, but that many of them could not find a convent that would accept them there were simply besides many candidates.The Ghent report added that women could not afford the entrance gift, the dos, required in most monasteries an rampart to their entry that James tactfully omitted. It further differed from James in its assessment of the primary motive that group women to the convent it was the inability to conclude a suitable marriage that prompted these women to the monastic life when the latter proved impossible, they get together the beguinage (p. xi).Seen from the perspective of the committee at Ghent, particularly as reread by Bucher and others, the beguines were driven primarily by economic and social forces and beguinages were thus just female versions of guild organizations (p. xi). Grundmann, as Simon noted, was the first to write about a religious movement by women (religise n Frauenbewegung) and to understand the specifically religious motivations behind the beguine life style, particularly their emphasis on poverty and labor in the pursuit of the apostolic life.Grundmann goes on, however, to describe in particular the complex negotiations between the papal curia, the mendicant orders, and the womens religious communities whereby the mendicants were eventually persuaded-sometimes pressured-into taking over the care of souls and often institutional responsibility for womens houses (Grundmanns most detailed examples of this process involve communities that became Dominican convents).Implicit within the narrative of ghostlike Movements in the Middle Ages, then, lies the argument that orderly communities of beguines desired and ultimately succeeded in becoming much traditional convents, most often within the mendicant orders. Beguines were forced to give up ideals of individual poverty and self-support and to accept sufficient corporately owned propert y to maintain a community of enclosed nuns.Hence ecclesial concerns for womens chastity and religious properness required that womens religious ideals be transformed. As Grundmann argues, the result is the spiritualization of poverty within the writings of the thirteenth-century beguines and their heirs among both male and female Dominican authors. Without directly contesting Grundmanns arguments, which for the most part pertain to Germany, Simons presents a significantly new picture of the development of beguine communities in the Southern Low Countries.Simons divides the history of the movement into two periods the first, from 1190-1230, truism the ontogeny of laywomen living alone or together in loose communities without institutional attachments (p. 36). The primary sources pertaining to this period are eleven hagiographies devoted to individual holy women involved with the movement from 1190-1250. Often written shortly subsequently their death and in each case by male cleri cs or monks interested in promoting cults around the holy women, none of these women were ever canonized nor did they all maintain the beguine lifestyle.In fact, as Simons points out, hagiographers from the period and region seemed particularly interested in women who moved from the beguinal milieu into more traditional forms of monastic life (p. 92). Groups of women outside convents, like the beguines, had to steer a narrow course in order to avoid the shoals of anticlericalism and heresy that always threaten the spiritual creativity of women (McNamara 1990, p. 237). The success and spread of the beguine movement would suggest it did answer a need felt among women for an independent expression of their own religious creativity.It is also important to note that beguines fall under the more general designation of mulieres religiosae (religious women), an umbrella term which included nuns, recluses, and virgins living at home or in elflike groups. The appearance of the mulieres rel igiosae, who flourished in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, was a major religious development, possibly connected with factors like the Crusades, priestly celibacy and harsh physical labor, which resulted in women outnumbering men in Western Europe.Religious motives, however, were peradventure even more important than socio-economic ones (DeGanck 1991, p. 2-3). Development of the Beguine Movement Scholars trace the development of the beguine movement through several stages, beginning with individual women (beguinae singulariter in saeculo manentes) living in towns but observing the evangelical principles as well as they could. These individuals eventually came together in the beguinages (congregationes beguinarum disciplinatarum) that are the main focus of this chapter.Later, some of the communities took the form of cloistered communities (beguinae clausae) finally, some communities were reconstituted as autonomous parishes (Little 1978, p. 130). Around 1230, these loose comm unities of widows, virgins, and chaste wives began to acquire property, to draw up regulations government the life of the group, and to present themselves to the outside world as religious institutions, either in the form of small convents, or as larger architectural complexes segregated in some manner from the surrounding urban community, the so-called court beguinages (Simons 2001, p.36). Simons therefore convincingly demonstrates that up to and through the Catholic Reformation the beguine movement in the Southern Low Countries remains a lay urban movement characterized by the preponderance of women from a range of social classes who participated within it (p. 91-117). In addition, Simons provides invaluable information about the beguines work in the textile industry (p. 85-87), with the sick and dying (76-80), and-perhaps most importantly for the study of spirituality-in teaching (p.80-85). Grundmanns early argument for the centrality of the beguines lay status to the developme nt of vernacular religious literature here finds crucial support. Not only did the beguines themselves read and write in the vernacular, but they were also engaged in the education of girls and women who then in turn constituted an audience for vernacular religious writing. The development of the beguinages demonstrated an outgrowth of the lay religious wakening of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.It also reflected the social background of the era. Although much more positive than simply a stand against clerical mediocrity and Western feudalism, the growth of the beguinages did, nevertheless, provide alternatives to both. The beguinages represented a new way of giving religious significance to womens ordinary lives (Bynum 1987, p. 17). It was characteristic of the beguinage to combine the vita contemplativa and appropriate devotional exercises with the practical ascendent of daily problems.The beguines customarily engaged in weaving, spinning, carding, charitable activity, sew ing, and the education of children. So religious impetus and economic factors were intertwined in a beguines life (McDonnell 1954, p. 146). Theologically, medieval women were faced with contradictory doctrines which placed them either on a pedestal or in a bottomless pit the virgin or the temptress. In the Christian view of sacred history, the superlative source of blessing for humanity after Christ was his mother, Mary the greatest source of grief was also a woman Eve, the mother of us all.Clearly, Christian tradition saw women as both the greatest and the weakest (Power 1962, p. 401-403). Thus, the beguines were bound to change these by shaping their own religious experience in lay communities, where female charisms served as alternative to the male emphasis on the power of office, the beguines paralleled other women who were emerging from the feudal system and becoming economically independent through small crafts, shops, and businesses in new towns (Bynum 1987, p. 22).Also, it has been suggested that the strength of the beguines lay in their unique combine of traditional spirituality with their freedom from the restrictions of the cloister, a combination which allowed them to experiment and break new ground. Beguines adopted a chaste way of life and dressed simply, but they were not separated from the world, nor were they bound to any ecclesiastical authority. To wit, The beguine movement differed substantially from all earlier important movements within the western church.