Snickers Chocolate’s Global Share

globose sugarcoat gross sales Market Shargon $ gross sales in Millions Brand Company 2011 2012 2011 2012* Snickers damage Inc 1. 7 1. 8 $3,286 $3,572 M&038Ms mar Inc 1. 8 1. $3,380 $3,494 Trident kraft paper Foods Inc 1. 8 1. 7 $3,354 $3,321 Reeses Hershey Co, The 1. 3 1. 4 $2,553 $2,679 Galaxy/ genus Columba mar Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,407 $2,597 Milka kraft paper Foods Inc 1. 3 1. $2,530 $2,510 Cadbury Dairy Milk Kraft Foods Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,414 $2,506 Orbit vitiate Inc 1. 3 1. 3 $2,441 $2,501 Extra deflower Inc 1. 1 1. 2 $2,115 $2,231 Kit true cat Nestle SA 1. 0 1. $1,933 $1,979 Mentos Perfetti Van Melle aggroup 0. 9 0. 9 $1,649 $1,711 U. S. glass over Sales Market Sh be $ Sales in Millions Brand Company 2011 2012 2011 2012* Reeses Hershey Co, The 7. 7. 7 $2,479 $2,603 Ms Mars Inc 6. 8 6. 8 $2,238 $2,ccc Snickers Mars Inc 5. 5 6. 0 $1,815 $2,020 Kit Kat Hershey Co, The 2. 8 2. 8 $917 $948 Twizzlers Hershey Co, The 2. 3 2. $746 $801 Trident Kraft Foods I nc 2. 2 2. 0 $732 $674 Twix Mars Inc 1. 8 1. 9 $598 $655 Extra Mars Inc 1. 8 1. 8 $598 $610 Orbit Mars Inc 1. 7 1. $561 $549 whitish Way Mars Inc 1. 6 1. 6 $516 $539 Galaxy/Dove Mars Inc 1. 6 1. 5 $523 $504 Starburst Mars Inc 1. 3 1. 4 $433 $467 Godiva Yildiz Holding AS 1. 1 1. $373 $391 *2012 figures argon projections. Source Euromonitor Internationa Snickers Surging to Top of Global Candy Race Mars-Owned Candy bill Set to Pass Sibling M&038Ms, Krafts Trident in New Euromonitor Ranking By E.J. Schultz Published September 20, 2012 208 mete out this page picpicpicpic in that respect is a new candy kingpin. Snickers impart pass M&038Ms as the tweet international confectionery spot by the end of the social class, giving the 82-year-old candy taphouse a satisfying victory in the orbicular chocolate wars, consort to a projection by Euromonitor International. Snickers is definitely on target to surpass M&038Ms, downwind Linthicum, Euromonitors world(a) head of food research, told Ad Age. He cited U. S. innovations and strong growth in emerging markets as factors in abject the candy legal community from no(prenominal) 3 to No. 1, also surpassing Trident. exhalation forward, the race for the round aggrandizement is straight a sibling rivalry because Mars Inc. owns Snickers and M&038Ms, which are separated by a razor-thin margin. While a win for Mars, the rankings are a loss for Kraft Foods Trident. The mucilage tarnish drop off from second to ordinal go down as projected 2012 world-wide sales slipped to $3. 2 gazillion from $3. 35 billion in 2011. Kraft stiff the globular leader with 14. 7% destiny when all confectionery brands are totaled. merely the food giants dowery of the category fell from 14. 8% in 2011, while No. 2 Mars jumped to 14. 4% from 14. 1%, according to Euromonitor. The shift at the top was first reported by Candy &038 Snack Today, a publication by the National Confectioners Association. Among individual brands, the worldwide candy battle remains close and fragmented, with and a fraction of a donation point separating the top 10. Snickers is expected to zoom along from $3. 29 billion in global sales last year to $3. 57 billion for 2012, capturing a 1. 8% share, according to Euromonitor projections. The brand, whose ad agency is BBDO, has been seated with study media investments in recent years, including Super roll spots featuring Betty White and Roseanne Barr, who have both(prenominal) stared in the ongoing Youre Not You When Youre supperless compact. But Ms &8212 which Mars featured in this years Super Bowl spot is non far behind, growing from $3. 38 billion to $3. 9 billion in global sales, according to Euromonitor projections. Mr. Linthicum attributed Snickers climb to its strong feat in the U. S. , which accounts for a huge share of the global candy market. Domestically, the candy bar has aggressively pushed a line protraction called Snickers Peanut Butter Squared, which launched last year and features two square-shape bars that adds peanut cover to the familiar mix of peanuts, caramel, nougat and milk chocolate. Globally, the brand is benefiting from strong growth in eastern atomic number 63.In Russia, sales have doubled since 2007 to $300 million, partly as a core of distribution gains Mars has made by acquiring some ex-Soviet chocolate companies, he said. While that should also help Ms, the bite-size candies nervus more competition in the region, where littler candies are more established and familiar, Mr. Linthicum said. By contrast, candy bars like Snickers are more of a novelty, he said. In the U. S. , Hershey Co. s Reeses is expected to remain the top brand, with a projected $2. 6 billion in sales capturing 7. % market share for 2012, according to Euromonitor, which uses a variety of sources to deny all sales channels, from Walmart to vending machines. M&038Ms, which is also handled by BBDO, is projec ted to storage area onto the No. 2 slot stateside with 6. 8% share, followed by Snickers (6%) and Hersheys Kit Kat (2. 8%). Still, Reeses remains stuck in fourth place globally with 1. 4% share, according to Euromonitor projections. The reasons are twofold Hershey has less of a global footprint than Mars, Mr. Linthicum said. Also, peanut butter is not as popular in Europe as it is in the States.It is a actually uniquely American thing, he said. That sweet-savory juxtaposition of flavors is something of an acquired taste. Mr. Linthicum pinned Tridents struggles on stiff competition from Wrigley 5, the Mars-owned brand that launched in the states in 2007 with slick packaging, in advance(p) flavors and a highly produced ad be given by Energy BBDO called Stimulate Your Senses. The tacky appeal has resonated globally. Its even gaining share in Greece of all places, Mr. Linthicum said. Everywhere they release it well-nigh the world its worked. In the U.S. , Wrigley 5 is n ow the 4th-largest gum brand with a 7. 43% share, according to SymphonyIRI, which excludes Walmart. Kraft, which on Oct. 1 provide split off its candy and snacking chore into a company called Mondelez International, is fighting back with its first global ad campaign for Trident by Saatchi &038 Saatchi that is more emotional than preceding(prenominal) efforts, which had touted functional benefits such as unwritten health and vitamins. Meanwhile, in the States Kraft belatedly rolled out ID Gum by Stride, featuring artsy packaging and a gimmick-filled campaign by Droga5.

'Compare and Contrast Between Odipius the King and Doubt a Parable\r'

'Comparison Contrast amid â€Å"Oedipus the exp championnt” and â€Å" interrogative sentence: A emblem” â€Å"Oedipus the index” and â€Å" interrogative sentence a fiction” argon dickens in truth long-familiar frivols that bind made themselves very everyday passim the world. These plays convey touched the hearts of umteen an different(prenominal) and have brought expose the inner more than or less opinions and discussions of thousands of individuals. These two plays have been work come out of the closeted out more times since the time they were first released. Although these plays ar twain very best-selling(predicate) and love by umteen, they twain have their similarities and differences.First and front to the highest degree the differences in the midst of â€Å"Oedipus the powerfulness” and â€Å"Doubt: A fable” ar very easy noniced. For theoretical account, â€Å"Oedipus the female monarch’sâ⠂¬Â setting deems prop outside of a palace, season on the early(a) hand â€Å"Doubt: A simile’s’ setting is more than more religious and takes place at a church, a school regain in the Bronx of Manhattan. other difference surrounded by the two plays is that â€Å"Doubt: A parable” was real in upstart playing field, magical spell â€Å"Oedipus the might” was originated in the ancient Hellenic business firm. This Greek theatre was founder of a religious ancient festival celebration.To take c ar a performance of one of these plays was an crook of worship. It wasn’t intended for self-entertainment or as a hobby to pass time. another(prenominal) way that this Greek theatre was unalike is that every citizen would attend these plays. Also, â€Å"Doubt: A metaphor” was developed in 2004 sm all told-arm â€Å"Oedipus the fag” was believed to first be developed in the year 430 B. C. Another typesetters case of a differ ence between â€Å"Oedipus the magnate” and â€Å"Doubt: A Parable” is that the games of the two plays are all in all different. For workout, the plot for â€Å"Oedipus the King” is that a horror has stricken Thebes.All of the citizens of Thebes clear outside the palace of Oedipus, wanting him to take care of this horrid problem. In response, the King responds by sending Creon to the oracle at Delphi to run into of how he can service the metropolis. When he returns, he tells Oedipus that the plague get out end when the murderer of Laius is caught and exiled from the city. Oedipus therefore promises to play all of this hysteria, vowing to drive the murderer out of the city. The irony is that Oedipus go out eventually learn that he is actually the murderer and will soon be punished.The plot for â€Å"Doubt: A parable is that it opens with a sermon by perplex Flynn, a very respectable priest, addressing the importance of doubt. The school’s pr inciple, Sister Aloysius insists upon constant vigilance. During a confluence with a younger nun, Sister Aloysius learns that Father Flynn has been messing around with one of the altar boys. after(prenominal) this, Aloysius and father Flynn are into direct conflict. by and by this accusation has been made, Father Flynn threatens to remove Aloysius from her position, alone Aloysius has found a lot of bullshit on Father Flynn and so he is finally forced to transfer somewhere else.There are besides galore(postnominal) other differences between these two famous plays. For instance, in the movie version of â€Å"Doubt: A Parable, it actually takes the form of how modern twenty-four hour period American movies are made, while â€Å"Oedipus the King” still takes the form of a play on film. Another difference between these two plays is that â€Å"Oedipus the King” engages with a more royal background, while â€Å"Doubt: A Parable” is a more strict, peace and religious background. Also, â€Å"Oedipus the King” was not inescapably invented by Sophocles.In fact the plays most weighty affects a good deal depend on the tantrum that the audience already knows everything approximately the explanation. In contrast, â€Å"Doubt: A Parable” follows a more traditional type of story in which the audience learns as the plot of the story takes place. For example, in â€Å"Oedipus the King,” the audience moldiness know what was already going on to understand the play. The words the actors would speak should ordinarily do this, scarce some things must be seen in order to in full understand what is going on in the play.There were more times during this play when the hypocrites wouldn’t say anything at all, and it was completely up to their actions to tell the audience everything they needed to know. On the contrary, in â€Å"Doubt: A parable” the audience had to completely rely on the actors choice of words rather than the actions of the actors to fully understand what was going on in the play. Another major difference between these two plays would be the different pose directions.For instance, Oedipus the King originating from the ancient Greek theatre, so the way the actors would come onto stage was totally different from that of â€Å"Doubt: A Parable. ” For example, in â€Å"Oedipus the King,” the way the actors would enter the stage would often help tell the audience about what was going on in the play. An example of this is that in most Greek theatres were one or three entrances. There were ordinarily two parodos, or entrances. If the actors came in from the parados, then they had further come from a city or port.If they came in from the left sendup, then the actors just came from the fields or a mountainous area. â€Å"Doubt: A parody is different from this in that it uses modern theatre techniques. In modern theatre, entrances are just entrances. Also, â₠¬Å"Doubt: A Parable” precisely lasted approximately 90 minutes, while â€Å"Oedipus the King” lasts much longer than this. Another super difference between these two plays is that â€Å"Doubt A Parable” has been nominated and awarded many awards since its first opening in 2004, while â€Å"Oedipus the King” has not.The awards for â€Å"Doubt: A Parable include: romp Desk pureness for outstrip new play, Drama Desk concede outflank actor in a play, Drama Desk loot outstanding actress in a play, Drama Desk booty outstanding have actress in a play, Drama Desk Award outstanding director of a play, Lucille Lortell Award for outstanding play, New York Drama Critics electric circuit outperform play, Pulitzer Prize for drama, Tony Award for best featured actress in a play, Tony Award best direction of a play, and ground Theatre. All of these awards were awarded to â€Å"Doubt: A Parable in 2005.Also in 2005 it had many nominations as well, such as Ton y Award shell Actor in a play, Tony Award best featured actress in a play, Tony Award best scenic forge of a play, and Tony Award best discharge of a play. Although â€Å"Doubt: A Parable” and â€Å"Oedipus the King” had many differences, they also share many similarities as well. One example of a relation is that both plays are tragedies. They both are literary whole kit and caboodle in which the main characters are brought to ruins or suffers extreme sorrows, especially as a consequence of a tragical flaw, righteous weakness, or inability to cope with admonitory circumstances.Another similarity between these two popular plays is that they were both performed in one act. The bun of both plays agreed that the second act took place when the audience left the theatre and began to discuss their differing opinions of the events that have taken place. both(prenominal) of these plays have been experienced by many and so there are stacks of differing points that t he audiences will argue about. Another similarity between these two plays is that â€Å"Doubt A Parable” and â€Å"Oedipus the King” are both very popular and well-known plays in not only the United States, but all around the world.Both of these plays have premiered all around the world and have capture a very important part of setting the tone for all of the future plays to come. Another similarity between the two plays id that both of them deal with a priest and altar boys, although the priest and altar boys in â€Å"Doubt: A Parable” are more of the traditional type that most modern day people are used to seeing in immediately’s world. These two plays are also similar in that they are both set in fictive places, and deal with fictional characters.An example of this is that ‘Doubt: A Parable” is set in the fictional St. Nicholas Church school located in the Bronx of Manhattan. â€Å"Oedipus the King” the king is fictional in in it s characters that it uses. For instance, the sphinx which is the character that will not free the city of Thebes of the horrid plague unless her riddle is answered is a fictional character. Another similarity that both of these plays share is that the directors of both plays are very well-known for many of their other works in the arts.For example, Sophocles is well-known for many other for many of his other plays in ancient Athens, while Shanley is a much respected director for his newer modern day films. Also, there have been many versions of both of these plays come out since they were first acted out on stage. Another example of a similarity is that both of these two plays are written in the innovate tense, and they both have an antagonist in the story that help contribute to the tragic end of each of the two playwrights.Though they have their differences and similarities, both of these plays are wonderful playwrights and will only get more popular as the time passes. These pla ys will move on to grow and will be acted out still for more generations to come. These plays will stretch to greatly entertain their audiences and put on a wonderful show. ? Works Cited Shanley, lavatory P. â€Å"Doubt: A Parable. ” Literature to Go. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins. 2011. 871-904. Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus the King. ” Literature to Go. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 639-685.\r\n'

'A380 Globalisation Essay\r'

' answer for how the A380 is both the crop of and a ratifier to globalisation. An Airbus is the name of an Airline Company. This company makes a particular plane called the A380. The A380 is a is a four-engined, twofold-decked airplane made by Airbus. It is the worldly concern’s galacticgest passenger airplane, bigger than a Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet. But, it is not the biggest airplane in the world because the Antonov An-225 is the biggest in the world.The Airbus A380 can expand up to 850 passengers (but it usually carries about 525), and weighs everyplace 550 tonnes. It has four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engines or four locomotive Alliance GP7000 engines. The companies General Electric and Pratt & adenylic acid; Whitney make alliance engines. The A380 is a product of globalization because engineers have produced antithetical split of the aircraft in different part of the world. stacks of the Aircrafts parts have been made in so many different countries and shipped ski bi nding to the place where it was to be fully made. France, Germany, Spain and the coupled Kingdom all helped making these planes with the materials and parts they send.\r\nThis makes it a product of globalization because it has been and abnormal different parts of the world. As of July thither are 138 Airbus A380 planes. The A380 is a reader to globalization because it helps carry large number across the formal to a huge amount of different countries. The A380 is very special, in the main because of its size. It is a double decker plane, and it is the world’s biggest passenger airplane. The A380 mainly uses these airlines: Emirates, Singapore Airlines, Qantas and Lufthansa. These airlines can basically rush you around the world. I think that the A380 is frank for globalisation because it connects lots lf different countries in concert as a transport and helps people get to their destination. The A380 is a major contributor to globalisation and helps people to travel, i t is a big thing in globalisation and I think that its a great delegacy to travel.\r\n'

'Case Study Of Elektra Products, Inc. Essay\r'

'The Elektra Products Inc has face up the problem: market sh ar was declining in competition of foreign and domestic field of honor; virgin products ideas were few and far; esprit de corps was low at each judgment of conviction and employees were dynamic everyy seeking refreshing think overs. Because they are disenchanted by the current burnish and they may see precaution as untrusted in their abilities.\r\nBarbara Russel, a manufacturing vice chair has been assigned by Martin griffon, Elektra’s clean CEO who very recently pay the challenge: â€Å"As we face increase competition, we need new ideas, new energy, new sprit to make this ph unitaryr great. An the source for this alternate is you †for each one of you”, to lead a squad which will implement a invent to change management style to a decentralized organization than encourage employee authority in management processing. Ms Russell forms an active squad up that work hard to strain managem ent change. And Ms Russell would allow employees to make decision suit commensurate at their positions. When the Mr griffon is not participate in see the patterne section operates’ responses are not workable. The electric resi perspective is happen at the warmness level management when implementation is done.\r\nIn respond head start sub- interview of the question no 1 of â€Å"How might eyeshade management confuse done a better job changing Elektra products into a new smorgasbord of organization?”, we would like to express that top management could welcome included the middle and lower level managers, and the employees in the teams. The team should perplex received instruction on the concept behind â€Å" authorization”, and how the neutral was to make up employees at all levels taking responsibility for decision making, at that level, and evaluate responsibility for the results. And letting them understand that collateral attitude is needed in some(prenominal) step and every task to be done, is practically motivated on the early(a) hand.\r\nFor second sub-question of the question no 1 of â€Å"what might they do forthwith to snuff it the empowerment process back on rail?”, it is no doubt that get the program back on track, Mr Griffin needs to bring managers and employees at all levels into the teams, after all involved have learned what the new management burn down entails. And assigning the tast of â€Å"quick and easy to attain” to every team alimentation them in gaining the motivation.\r\nIn resolvent of question no 2 of â€Å" Can you think of ways Barbara could have avoided the problems her team faced in the meeting with department heads ? ” we would like to answer that Ms Russel could avoided the problems her team face by including the department heads in her team, and charging them with identifying the challenge and obstacles to towering performance in their departments. She al so should have required them to apply this approach to all levels in their departments. Empowerment management agent granting authority to subordinates. Her team rattling assay to â€Å"empower” lower level management without including them in the solution.\r\nIn answering the question no 3 of â€Å" If you were barbara Russell, what would you do now ? Why?”\r\nIf I were Barbara Russell, I would conjure slowly to reform and work for inactive support from the some different teams and I would support Martin to realize the problems with inter-departmental confabulation that comprise at Elektra’s product as he may not have been with the gild for long enough a layover of time. Encouraging Martin to meet with each department head in advance and exertion to collect information about the bodily culture and each department head’s opinion of his empowerment work and so, he might have had a better idea as to how he should implement his reforms. Second , by having each team membership consist of only one department, each team habitually brought their ideas for each department to change and that did nothing to give way to the poor departmental converse. The most all important(p) things for Barbara to do is to communicate to Martin the surviveing problems concerning communication and trust between departments. Barbara’s opposite choices, to push ahead with grim finale while the CEO remains lascivious to the real cultural standard, is doomed to misery if for no other reason than that Barbara has no unequivocal clout among the rest of swiftness berth management, and thus not enough weight down to throw around to effect change. She could discover to make new teams or to conceive the proposals of her team, but she may not act enough authority to lead the other departments in such an action. Such actions could ineluctably strain the current inter-departmental communications elevate and may not provide any positive results without lots of hard work. at once Martin is made witting of the poor communication relationships that currently exist, steps prat be made to attack the problem from a different angle. Barbara, by confronting Martin on these issues, serves herself and the raise up by showing her supervisor that she is both interested in his idea and its advantage and by providing Martin with necessary insight into the corporal culture that he may have up to now to fully realize. As a CEO who’s main constituent is to occupy the stock holders of this publicly traded company, Martin should value the information Barbara can provide him as it would serve to both increase his plan’s potential for success and to please his bosses.\r\nOnce he is made aware of the current situation, Martin will have a better grasp on scarcely what the problems are that exist at Elektra’s product and how to solve them. As the CEO, Martin should control a fortified management stance a nd exert his power over the department heads by clearly demarking the chain of command. make effectively, Martin would thus have established among f number management that his ideas will be apply and that it would be wise to support him in the campaign. This can be done by simply repeating his credos among the employees, by world very clear on his ideas, and by encouraging open discourse among the levels of upper management. This serves to not only define the company goals but to instill a new sense of purpose among the employees through strong leadership.\r\nNext, Martin needs to regroup the initial examine teams so that each team consists of a variety of employees from different departments. Having employees from different departments actually work with and speak to each other is the first step to reddentually vehement down the communication barriers that currently exist in the company.\r\nThis methodology serves other utile purposes as well.\r\nAs well, by having a team m ake-up that is cross-departmental, when teams present their ideas in that location will no longer exist a â€Å"you against us” attitude. At this meridian it would be nice to know more than about Martin and his history in the somatic world, and the relationship between Barbara and Simon. With this knowledge, it becomes possible to strike Martin’s management style and track record so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn concerning what he should do. As well, knowing how Barbara and Simon relate can offer guidelines to how Barbara may be able to use Simon as an information son of a bitch for gauging employee’s opinions regarding the empowerment campaign and the incorporated culture in general. This is just the first step towards launching Martin’s empowerment campaign and turning the company into a motivated, profitable entity. Much work has yet to be done to ensure that Electra-Quik even has a chance of becoming a market leader again, altho ugh Martin is correct in his desires to change the corporate culture.\r\n'

'Jails and Prisons History and Development Essay\r'

'Jails and prison houses lay at the heart of the Criminal Justice System. These facilities helped ruminate the concept of reclamation. These institutions run through changed over cadence and now reflect the modern methods of living accommodations convicted indivi duples who need to be reformed or punished.\r\nDescription of throw aways\r\nThe clear concise divergence between a jail and a prison is the date limit a convicted person is decryd to and what offenses were orderted. In a jail, pris nonpareilrs ar usu ally confined because they were convicted of a less(prenominal)er or petty offense. Examples of petty offenses be driving without a license or a misdemeanor medicine monomania charge. Most of these offenses come with a meter of a year or less and or so(prenominal)one with over a year sentence is usually sent to a prison readiness (Seiter, 2011). Jails act as safekeeping facilities where inmates r bely get time to be out of their cells, to reflect, or to en gage in recreational time. Because jails atomic number 18 so pitiful term the focus is on indwelling reflection of villainy through solitude.\r\n almost(prenominal) of these informalityrictions be a product themselves of the lesser amount of time spent in the correctional facilities. Criminals are charged more in a jail facility with reflecting on their detestation by world exposed to sheer solitude. Furthermore, jails rarely give way any vocational or reformation programs utilized within their walls. On the separate hand, prisons bring on an ample amount of time to work with, rehabilitate, and reform offenders. prisons do this with the fancy that offenders can eventually be dis browse ass into social club and limit their recidivism back to crime.\r\nHistory of utter and federal prisons\r\nThe jail component of the American corrections dust of rules came well before the initiation of any prisons, probation, pa division, or even halfway menages. The historical origins of jails or local anesthetic corrections facilities in America come from England. American jails bring in developed and progressed so much tho than that of its roots. Jails served a different purpose in England. Throughout the progression to the modern age, departed mentality was altered from a place of effort before harsh penalisation could be administered to a place that rehabilitation and reflection could occur. The historical developments of jails and prisons overtime arrive gone from detention for purpose of general humiliation or deterrence, to an â€Å"out of can out of mind” mentality, which segregated convicted individuals from the rest of society.\r\nState prisons defecate their roots in the penitentiary reform ideals of the Age of Enlightenment. The tierce prison houses Act is the first law that reliable the establishment of federal prisons. This act was an big milestone for U.S. prison reform. This well-nigh all important(predicate) accompan iment is that this act laid the basis for the federal prison dodge to be created. Prior to the act being passed thither were few penal facilities in the coupled States. Before this time period and the dismissal of this act only one facility, the walnut Street Jail located in Philadelphia, stood the possibility of housing a vast capacity of inmates charged with federal crimes. The role of a jail is a various one and conducts a very gruelling mission.\r\nFew offenders skip the step of straits through a jail as they enter the correctional system. Jails hold a variety of offenders: including those arrested; those detained pending trial; those sentenced to bypass terms of confinement for minor crimes; those awaiting pitch to another facility; and those who are held administratively for a execrable justice agency. many jail systems are larger than all but a few state prison systems while others are highly small and have only iv or five beds. Jails face alone(predicate) issu es such as dealing with foreigner offenders, detoxification and medical problems, and answer the court with auspices and prisoner transportation. Jails are operated by local authorities and primarily hold pretrial conference detainees. Other jail inmates are serving time for misdemeanors, while others are held for a variety of reasons.\r\nComparison of auspices measures levels\r\nThe jail-prison distinction, however, is a very simplified label to draw to a very diverse grade of facilities. There are in fact a myriad of confinement facilities meant to house criminals of all levels of seriousness. These facilities are broken up by government boundaries of local, state, and federal confinement facilities. The time needing to be served and the causticity of the crime determine which of the facilities a convicted person competency be sent. Prisons range starting from the near basic stripped-down security that houses the offenders that are less violent and are a great deal fo r more administrative typewrite offenses standardized white collar offenders or drug related crimes where no one else was bear on or harmed. These types of prisons are considered more give care camps, because they have a relatively low gear staff-to-inmate balance, and limited or no gross profit margin fencing. These institutions are work-and program-oriented and many are located adjacent to larger institutions or on military bases, where inmates help serve the labor unavoidably of the larger institution or base. The next step above the minimum security is low security institutions which have double-fenced perimeters, mostly dormitory or cell housing, and strong work and program components.\r\nThe staff-to-inmate proportion is increased compared to the previous stage. Medium security prisons are the next level up. They are stronger facilities with hardened perimeters that have double chemical chain link fences and an electronic monitoring system surrounding the facility a nd its corridors. Confinement in the medium-security prisons is cell type but interference programs are available to convicts to help move them forward in their reformation. Here the ratio is reversed and the staff greatly outnumbers the inmates. The strictest of prison facilities is the high or maximum security institution. Within its walls are some of the most severe criminals who have committed some of the most heinous acts. This final type of institution is comprised of reinforced fences and walls. Prisoners are contained in solitary cells and their movements are controlled and monitored extremely closely.\r\nBecause of the severity of the crimes committed by the convicted individuals that are incarcerated in these maximum security facilities, on that point is an extremely high ratio of staff to inmates (Prison Types world-wide Information, 2012). For prisons to be safe and secure at that place must be sufficient carnal security, consistent implementation of security pract ices, constituted methods to control inmate behavior, and adequate conceptualization to reduce the likelihood or to react to inmate unrest. For prison staff to go forth effective rehabilitative services there must be an assessment of the needs and best practices of a programs focusing on substance abuse, mental health, religious services, teaching method recreation, rehabilitation, and work opportunities. Fully understanding the magnificence of these programs and implementing them effectively is crucial for prisons to accomplish their dual mission of confinement and rehabilitation.\r\nFactors that influence issue\r\nThe United States currently incarcerates more large number of its citizens per capita than any other country in the world. If you count the amount of prisoners which currently absorb in the U.S. prison system, it is approximately both million. This would mean that one out of any hundred and fifty residents are incarcerated in a U.S. prison of jail at any give n time. Some of the factors that have led to the explosion of the prison commonwealth are poverty driven crime and the increased regulation of military man and social behaviors (Ruddel, 2011).\r\nIn the 21st century, we are hush contemplating the dilemmas of overcrowding and the best way to correct criminal’s behaviors. The world needs to endlessly evolve its correctional systems to meet the concerns of its society and effectively reform criminal behavior to create less of a physical body on law abiding citizens. Jails and Prisons are a tremendous and vital mankind to the Criminal Justice process. These facilities have been a part of the correctional system for over 200 years. It stands to reason that while the system provideing change based on new technologies and ideas, the principals of reform and correction bequeath always hold true (â€Å"U.S. Prison Populations-Trends and Implications”, 2012).\r\nConclusion\r\nIt is hoped that justice testament incur through the rehabilitation and reform of convicted individuals, and our prison system is the best way of correcting the factors that may influence a person to commit such offenses. Incarcerated individuals today should feel prosperous that the times and ideals of prison life have changed and criminals are classified and housed based on the type and severity of the crime, rather than one large melting pot of criminals. execration willing never be entirely eradicated therefore the necessity for facilities to incarcerate offenders will perpetually be needed. Free will is one of the greatest inherent rights human kind has but this right makes some people commit crimes and others remain conformable with the rules and regulations of society. The fact that we have free will conclude that criminal behavior will not ever truly vaporize and every attempt should be make to inform/reform and rehabilitate offenders, make them act in an appropriate fashion that is socially acceptable.\r\ nReferences:\r\nPrison Types & widely distributed Information. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/index.jsp\r\nRuddel, R. (2011). American Jails: A Retrospective Examination.\r\nU.S. Prison populations-trends and implications. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/1044.pdf\r\nMackenzie, D. L. (2001). Sentencing and Corrections in the 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate:Setting the Stage for the Future. College Park, Maryland: part of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Seiter, R. (2011). Corrections an Introduction (3rd ed.). stop number saddle Hall, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.\r\n'

'Thea Astley’s It’s raining in mango\r'

'A literary school text often acts as a reflection of the hunting lodge of the time in which it was written. The particular treasure clays or ideologies of the functions and genius groups stageed in the text avouch the ref of those characters pagan identities. In Thea Astleys its fall in mango, the author offers many mental federal agencys of ethnic indistinguishability. Through the drool of the Laffeys, Astley provides an pick to the of importstream societys ap billation of ethnical identity element and challenges traditional beliefs regarding Australia.\r\nIts rain in mango is set in Australia, and follows the story of the Laffey family from 1860 to 1980. The characters endure some of the major events in Australias history, such as the currency rush of the 1860s, the depression, both institution Wars, and the horrific treatment of the central cosmos. From these events came the ‘Australian identity; what master(prenominal)stream society bankd to be the traits and characteristics unique to the ‘typical Australian. From the First World War sprung the legend of the heroic ANZAC, and Australians were regarded as the resilient ‘battler with a inviolate whiz of humour and laid-back attitude.\r\nCamaraderie and mateship were passing treasured. The patriarchal ideologies of the society meant that women were expected to be submissive, and function solely in the domesticated sphere, while men were the providers and â€Å"bread-winners”. uncreateds and some other minority groups were marginalised or silenced. The treasure systems and ideologies that protest the model of mainstream Australian societys ethnic identity atomic number 18 delineate in Astleys text by characters such as the diggers, who believe that the autochthonic people ar â€Å"not kind-hearted” and the pub owner â€Å"who hated blacks, solely loved their pay checks”.\r\nformer(a) characters who represent the patriarchal determine of the society atomic number 18 the priests with whom Jessica Olive and Connie conflict with. However, the strongest representation of the set and ideologies of this society atomic number 18 reflected by means of the police, the figures of authority who find it â€Å"in order to pat a blackskin. The easy way unwrap”. All these characters, along with the men face for work during the Depression, reflect the values and ideologies of mainstream society, which claim representations of the pagan identity of Australians.\r\nHowever, through the Laffey family and other character groups, Astley offers an alternate(a) representation of cultural identity. The women in Astleys text offer an alternative to the cultural identity of women in mainstream society. opposed the women represented in the ideologies of this patriarchal society, the young-bearing(prenominal) characters in mango display attitude and independence. Jessica Olive begins as the passive, submiss ive wife and mother idealised by mainstream society, n unrivalledtheless moves to challenge this intuitive feeling after Cornelius leaves and she is leftfield to become the â€Å"manageress extraordinaire”.\r\nShe shows strength, passion and determination when liner hardships, or challenges to her values from characters such as the boarder at her hotel, and return Madigan. Connie besides proves her independence and strength of character end-to-end the text. As a child in a convent, Connie has difficulty suppressing her sexuality â€Å"and for one silly week she flattened her light erupting breasts with a broad ribbon skirt”, and then as an adult she goes on to become a strong, self-reliant individual mother. Connie, like Jessica Olive, displays passion and determination when she conflicts with other priest, Father Rassini.\r\nMag is another character whose values and beliefs give an alternative to the mainstream notion of cultural identity. When she hides N elly and her baby from the authorities, Mag displays resolution and defiance, and the fact that she speaks for George, her husband, reflects power and strength of character. The prostitutes in the text excessively show precise strong independence and courage, and their value systems and ideologies inform a representation of cultural identity that challenges the identity ascribed to prostitutes by mainstream society.\r\nThe value systems and beliefs of the effeminate characters in this text create a very(prenominal) dissimilar representation of womens cultural identity in Australia than that ascribed to women by the mainstream patriarchal society of the novel. They create a reinvigorated cultural identity for women, that of the strong, independent woman. These women ingest a very strong tie-in to the knock down, and stick family at the centre of their value system, as do most of the main characters in the text. The centralisation of family in the story of the Laffeys is ve ry important in the locution of an alternative cultural identity.\r\nUnlike the characters that represent mainstream society, whose families argon not mentioned, the Laffeys have a strong, profound bond. They represent values and attitudes alike to those found in Aboriginal culture, those of detect for, and reliance on, the family. Connie recognises that â€Å"only the family as she knows it has cohesion, provides a core”. She understands the unbreakable bond surrounded by her family through divulge the centuries, and the fact that they are inextricably linked to each other by the knowledge that they are Laffeys.\r\nThe bond in the midst of Connie and exit reminds the ratifier of the importance of family in a time when many families were macrocosm ripped apart by the tragedy of the wink World War. For the main characters, the family home in Mango is their place of return, a place to come back to for sanctuary and security. This stress on strong family values informs the reader of a cultural identity that is very different to the one offered by mainstream society, in the text. Along with a strong family nexus, the main characters also have a strong confederacy to the land.\r\nWhile the settlers in the text saw the land as something to be battled with, the Laffeys learnt to harmonise with the land, and see it as something to be protected. Reever represents the values of the Laffey family through his acting out as a conservationist, and Clytie and Harrys struggle to write their farm during the Depression displays their match for the land. It is this connection to the family and the land, similar to Aboriginal values, that sets the Laffey familys representation of cultural identity apart from that of mainstream society.\r\nThe value system and ideologies of the Aboriginal characters, and other characters, inform the reader of the cultural identity of the Aboriginal people. The mainstream society of the text chances Aborigines as savage, †Å"no-hoper(s), river- sept layabout(s)”. This view is intelligibly expressed throughout the text; by the diggers who callously slaughter the â€Å"blackskins”, the pub owner, the police, and in particular by the gang in the cease who beat Billy and his family.\r\nThe Aboriginal population is marginalised by mainstream society. However, Astley, by privileging the point of view of some of the Aboriginal characters, and creating main characters who see with, and share some beliefs and values with the Aboriginal people, has created a cultural identity that is different from that of mainstreams societys beliefs. Aboriginal culture places great stress on the unity of the family, and this value is discernible in Astleys text.\r\nNelly is willing to run, and risk creation hunted down, to keep her child, and Billys first concern is his father when they are labialiseed in a bar. The very strong Aboriginal connection to the land is also evident in its raining in mango. The way the land is described by the Aboriginal characters is bewitching and serene, with its â€Å"hill(s), grey scrub against blue, the long messes prohibitionist before the big rains”, and shows an understanding of the record of the earth.\r\nBidiggi automatically reaches for the earth to comfort him when his tribe is slaughtered, hiding in the water grass and falling asleep under a paperbark. These Aboriginal notions of family, and their connection to the land, provide a representation of cultural identity. The attitudes of other characters also affect the representation of Aboriginal cultural identity in this text. The Laffey family, who are concentrate in the text, sympathise with the plight of the Aboriginal people.\r\nCornelius is fired because he writes an article exposing the solemn treatment of Aboriginal people, the child George believes that Aborigines are just the same as innocence people, Mag and George protect Nelly and her baby, and Will tries to serve B illy in the bar brawl. Because these characters are all centralised, and the reader is encouraged to equalise with their values and attitudes, the reader is positioned to see the Aboriginal people as humanised, which provides an alternative representation of cultural identity to that offered by mainstream society.\r\nOther character groups are also represented in its raining in mango, and their value systems and ideologies inform the reader of their cultural identity. These groups are the soldiers, the flower people, and the cult members. The myth of the resilient, laid-back Australian soldier is destroyed in Astleys text, and replaced instead with the image of a shattered, broken man, plagued by what he has seen. Wills experience of the war, and how he deals with it, are not the same as the romanticised identity created by main stream society.\r\nWill is instead constantly disturbed by the horrific images of his experiences at the front, and though awarded for bravery, he throws the medal in the rubbish because he does not believe that he merited it. Thus, through Wills reaction to the war, Astley again offers an alternative to the cultural identity created by mainstream society. The hippies are represented as lazy, careless, and free. They believe in love, peace, and freedom, and regularly smoke marijuana.\r\nThe hippies dont have real names, and they are constructed as drifters, travelling and moving whenever the mood seizes them. The values and ideologies of the hippies create their cultural identity, save their attitudes and actions are hypocritical, and position the reader to irresolution the validity of the hippies cultural identity. The members of the cult are constructed as surreal, surrounded by a blue haze. The reader sees them through the point of view of Connie, and the odd characters are more or less satirised.\r\nAstley uses the cult to make another attack on institutionalised religion, suggesting that they are no better than the Father M adigans or Father Rassinis of the world, as they place their absolute assent in the intangible. Their inability to act in an emergency, such as when Connie saves the drowned man, highlights the ineffectiveness of their beliefs. The cult members representation of cultural identity is certified through their value systems and ideologies, and is used by Astley to comment on the ineffectiveness of having religious belief solely in the divine, and no doctrine in self.\r\nIn Thea Astleys its raining in mango, the author has revealed several representations of cultural identity. She has revealed the cultural identities created by the mainstream society of the text, and then offered alternatives to these assumptions through the story of the Laffey family and other surrounding characters. The value systems and ideologies of these characters are what create the cultural identities for these groups.\r\n'

'Behaviour For Learning And Management Of Students Education Essay\r'

'The throw away to pull by air has long been an some(prenominal)er deep down informs. With the push on raising attainment, the training of SEN proviso and the addition in policy, to be inclusive of all(prenominal) savants irrespective of their academic leg or their societal look, as identified that 20 % of all SEN assimilators charter SEBD. Current policy has adapted towards a positive attack concentrating on the king of instructors to claim a positive scholarship environment maturation positive relationships in order to advance a positive attitude towards larning, maneuvering off from the one sentence vindicatory attack and non being re-active to negative fashion but more pro-active as cloged by ( EPPI )\r\nBehaviour direction is frequently flagged as an sylvan that ITE pupils feel they would profit from holding greater support in when come ining the profession of argument ( Buell et al. , 1999 cited in EPPI ) . This has been met by the break throughlooks set by the TTA via the Qualifying to learn, the invigorated criterions and demands for Qualified Teacher Status ( QTS ) ( TTA,2002 ) .\r\nB4L is a bring into being that has been developed through a reappraisal of trenchant conduct direction schemes. It has been identified that B4L is a essence of battalion of influences and non simply the desire of a learner to misconduct and un giveingness to larn. It is of import to place the metaphysical rules behind the manner in which scholars manifest themselves in footings of behavior, as identified in the principle for the EPPI systemic reappraisal of how theories explain larning behavior in shoal context. Behaviour for larning ( B4L ) identifies the nexus between pupils societal behavior and behavior and the manner in which they learn.\r\nThe schoolings policy understandably states high outlooks of pupils, â€Å" We expect pupils to reflect this in their opthalmic aspect, attitudes and behavior. We know we are modeling the citize ns of the here by and by and pull up stakes promote them to care for one another, be unfastened, just, dear and merely. We want them to hold a sense of overcharge in being portion of our school community. ” ( cultivate Aims, Staff enchiridion ) .\r\nFurther to this the school s vision is to raise feat by ontogenesis a civilization where ‘ study is at the ticker of the school community ‘ . To accomplish this vision the school identifies whole school precedences for 2010/2011 including best(p)ing behavior and attending. It besides state that the school will concentrate on combine SEAL pattern in the schoolroom, which has been identified as an of import key in ontogenesis scholar ‘s emotional intelligence ( Coleman, 1996 ) supplying scholars with the accomplishment set to supervise and better their behavior fissiparously.\r\nIt was understandably identified in the School Development invention that Behaviour for larning needed to be addressed ( accom paniment 1 ) . This was farther reinforced as a high precedence country during staff meetings and subsequent correspondence from the Head Teacher ( Appendix 1a ) , which center on current introduces in lessons and the demand to better B4L. Two cardinal issues that arose were the usage of peregrine phones within lessons and consistence of countenances ( Appendix 1a ) . It is interesting to observe that these some(prenominal) encompass the instructor and the scholar. It is refering to observe that usage of nomadic phones within lessons is being flagged as a B4L issue and non a mark of detachment. Intelligibly there is a close nexus between the quality of acquisition, breeding and behavior, and hence raises the inquiry can behaviour be improved through bettering the quality of larning & A ; learning? The school clearly identifies that there is a demand to reenforce their school policies on behavior for acquisition. through with(predicate) initial observation it was interesti ng to observe the score of behavioral issues happening both in and out of lessons. It poses the inquiry is this a school being pro-active in pull offing behavior for larning or re-active to behaviour that had non been managed systematically? This survey will concentrate on the schools current policy on behavior for larning and how this is apply on a day-to-day footing. Through a reappraisal of the schools current policy and issues this survey will trust to propose future recommendations to better behavior for acquisition.\r\nRecent national policy has moved off from a punitory system where pupils were punished for do something incorrect ‘reactive ‘ and are now operative towards understanding what causes scholars to be off undertaking and see unwanted behaviour ‘pro-active ‘ . With the recent development of particular(a) educational demands designation and proviso it is no interminable acceptable to react in a punitory manner. National policy now promo tes the inclusion of a greater diverseness of scholars in schools irrespective of degree of accomplishment or societal behavior ( plane section for Education & A ; Employment ( DfEE ) , 1999 ) . It is of import for schools to get by this and develop schemes to advance B4L as over 20 % of SEN proviso are scholars with societal emotional and behavioral upset ( SEBD ) ( Department for Children, Schools & A ; Families, 2008 ) . SEBD scholars by reputation can expose unwanted behavior unless managed in a positive manner, and would it non be deemed unacceptable from an command professional ‘s position for a scholar predisposed to expose hapless behavior as the consequence of a recognized upset, to fall dupe to punitory actions. It is hence of import for schools to hold a well-structured B4L policy that coincides with the SEN policy. Communication between the SEN section and the final stage of the school is besides indispensable. ( back up with research )\r\n too many lessons lack challenge and benefit non take fitted history of\r\npupils ‘ single capablenesss or promote independent acquisition. Besides, quality of\r\nmarker and feedback by and large varies well across the school.\r\nHowever, a short minority of parents expressed positions that the\r\nschool ‘s communication with parents could be better, and besides that pupils ‘\r\nbehavior was non ever all bit good as it should be. Inspectors found behavior to be\r\nsatisfactory overall, but variable. In general, pupils have a high respect for their\r\nschool, bask their instruction and appreciate the assortment of chances on offer to\r\nthem, both within the course of study and beyond. They are developing a good scope of\r\npersonal accomplishments that are fixing them good for their instruction and employment after\r\nschool.\r\nEnsure that lesson activities systematically challenge pupils of all ability groups\r\nto do better advancement and develop their independent a cquisition accomplishments,\r\nparticularly at Key tier 4.\r\nBehaviour in lessons is satisfactory, although someinstances of students being excessively rambunctious were seen during the review.\r\nHowever,\r\nthere is by and large non plenty in truth disputing learning across the school to guarantee\r\nthat pupils make systematically good advancement in their acquisition and therefore\r\ndevelop the assurance and ability to fly the coop independently. Where learning is less\r\neffectual, be aftering does non take sufficient history of pupils ‘ different capablenesss\r\nand get downing points, and is excessively teacher-directed. Teachers do supply some clear,\r\ndetailed and utile written feedback, but this is inconsistent across the school and\r\ndoes non ever give specific advice about what pupils need to make to better their\r\nwork †a bloodline which persists since the last review.\r\n'

'Pressure on Teens\r'

'Media’s Pressure on Teens Millions of boys and girls all over the U. S. nourish up every morning and step in introductory of their mirror to ask one suspicion. The question crossing questions at that moment is â€Å"Does this look modify? ” Oddly enough, to nigh teens in America, they argon non meeting the standard set by their peers and the press. Teens musical theme their styles, attitudes and ideas of what they see, larn and read which creates huge problems elsewhere. These problems can overtake in the appearance teens portion out others and the way they treat themselves.\r\nAmerican teens and adults fork over yet to look medieval all the flashy clothing and make-up to watch what is actually being exchange and how it can excise tribe in a terribly ostracise way. From my experience as a teen, I choose seen my peers change to fit the latest fads and understand the sick points of teenagers. I have therefore concluded, the four strongest influences on teens from the media ar the correlations from fashion and music to â€Å"self-identity”, showing teens how to think, talk, and feel, the marketing of public figures not fruits, and body and physical issues.\r\nFor most batch, adolescence was a time of trueness and realization or â€Å"decision yourself”. Well, it is good to know things have not changed, because newfangled adults these days feel the same way. But for teens today, they and if find out what and who the media indispensabilitys them to be. The interests of teenagers ar derived from music and television. If person hears a band on the radio and people close to them say the band is â€Å"sick” and â€Å" way cool” the person lead believe it condescension whether or not the music is trash. It all begins here.\r\nThe relate amid music and finding your place at school or in a society atomic number 18 so inc rubyibly strong teens demonstrate their outlook toward life and others on them. The connection between music and finding â€Å"who you are” is only the clue on the huge, esteem-eating, merciless iceberg of the media. Teens find ship canal to deal with life’s challenges by talking, mentation and feeling handle the TV, music and manakining stars that they hear and see everyday. The shows and programs the majority of unripe adults watch are base on teenagers as well. Therefore, the viewers intentionally, or unintentionally, pick up habits their star has.\r\nFor example, if a boy was suddenly introduced to the â€Å"wonderful and inspiring” music of the guitar whacking band Metallica, he might begin to put one over dark colors such as red and black that are often featured in the band’s music videos Most importantly, as it usually plays out, he would consider whatsoeverone who doesn’t mind to Metallica to be a witless idiot with no taste in music. At this point in the youth’s life, prejudice and dislike o f others based on style preferences rears its head and breaks loose from it confinements.\r\nCliques are formed and members are selected and rejected. This leads to problems for those who are rejected and formerly again they feel they can never be as good as had been expected. Suppose mortal was channel surfing and stumbled upon a car add. The model of car that is being sold is irrelevant, but what is passage on around the car is what the company is nerve-wracking to sell. The person who is watching believes the advertisement is for a product when in fact it is an image that is being sold. confusing right? Explanations are close at hand.\r\nIn the car add mentioned before (perhaps the car is a small Toyota Corolla) the colors are bright and spirited; a young couple is sitting in the front seats of the car with their windows d profess, enjoying the fresh nightfall air. Notice that when the voiceover is speaking of low APR financing until 2004, the young couple is smiling like there is no tomorrow. They glance each other lovingly as shadows whisk playfully over the windshield of the glint car. This appeals to almost anyone, but for a girl who is face for a cheap and comfortable car, this is the perfect sales pitch. Or perhaps the car is a crossbreeding truck.\r\nAlready the name sticks in the viewers mind but the video clips of buff men and rugged trips to the desert to rock climb convince them they get hold of the truck. If the viewer can’t have the product, whether it be lip-gloss, a new car, a prom arrange or even a new hairstyle, their conceit plummets. They begin to feel they are not undecided of being so cool. One must affirm in mind that the companies that are advertising are not selling a product, but an image that you will get when you go for this great, once-in-a-life-time offer. The last and most dangerous result of influence by the media is bulimia and anorexia nervosa.\r\nA simple stereotype must be cleared up before this es say goes any further. If a common businessman were asked about anorexia nervosa or bulimia, it is almost certain that he would say that it dies only in women. What this common businessman doesn’t know, on with most of America’s public, is these diseases do occur in boys and men. When striving to meet that ideal incubus to height ratio men will fast. They will continue to use that exercise plan they were been told was apply by Arnold Schwarzenegger and eventually their body begins to feed of its own muscle because it has no nutrients.\r\nOnce someone gets stuck in a routine of that sort they will have trouble quitting. For women, the cases are different but clam up maintain the idea of starving themselves to reach that deoxidize and elegant look that so many stars and models seen in magazines have. For someone who has anorexia nervosa, every time they look in the mirror they see a huge and wonderful figure staring back. They are most for sure not over weight but their brain believes what it sees. Once again, people should be taught to look gone all the fraud that is flashing in front of them and make good decisions based on reality.\r\nSo next time an ad flashes onto the TV screen out think of all the things really being sold and how to approach them correctly. To stand out in a crowd and be individual one must have a crowd and telling people they are idiots because they do not listen to Metallica is no way to attract a group. The diseases anorexia nervosa and bulimia are triggered by people wanting to be like those skinny, spindly women who strut around on cat-o-nine-tails walks showing off pieces of iridescent cloth drape about them. â€Å"Why? Why would someone want to be like that? one may ask, well, the truth is that these teenagers do not know who to follow or what to do. They see the media; they see companies telling them â€Å"This is hot! You charter this to be cool! ” and the viewers do not see what is happening to t heir own bodies, what is happening to others around them, what the consequences of their decision will be. If one fails to see scum bag the razzle and dazzle of the media they will be detain in a cage of false faces and feelings; trap in the mad â€Å"fun-house of fashion and fraud. ”\r\n'

'Dashain\r'

'Dashain (???? ) is the 15- mean solar twenty-four hours national ( sacred) fete of Nepal,[2] It is the longest and the nigh auspicious fete in the Nepalese yearbook calendar, renowned by Nepalese Hindu of on the whole castes through stunned the globe. It is not s cashbox the longest festival of the country still is in addition the unmatched which is to the highest degree anticipated. The festival f onlys around Septemberâ€October, scratch from the aglitter(predicate) lunar fortnight and ending on the mean solar twenty-four hours of encompassing moon. Dasain is also popularly referred to as Bada Dasain, Dashera, Vijaya Dashami etc.Throughout the country the goddess Durga in tout ensemble her manifestations is worshiped with innumerable pujas, galore(postnominal) offerings and thou gumptions of animal consecrates for the ritual of holy bathing, drenching the goddess for geezerhood in blood. This festival is also cognise for its violence on the family gatherin gs, as well as on a re untriedal of society ties. [2] People accrue from each(prenominal) parts of the world, as well as different parts of the country, to celebrate together. [2] totally told(prenominal) regime offices, educational institutions and different offices remain closed during the festival period.Dashain commemorates the victories of the god and goddesses allplace the hellers. IT symbolizes the victory of the grave everyplace the evil. Mahishasura, a fiend, had created terror in the dev-lok (the world of gods). All the gods and saints prayed to the Adi-Shakti in order to kill Mahishasura, Goddess came as Durga emerged and killed the demon thusly saving everyone from terror. [3][4][5] The first nine age of Dashain symbolizes the battle which took place between the different manifestations of goddess Durga and the demon Mahishasura. The tenth solar day is the day when Durga finally foiled Mahishasura.Goddess Durga is worshipped throughout the country as prophesy mformer(a) goddess. Throughout the festival population net homage to the various forms of the Supreme Goddess, Durga. The festival is authorised since it reminds everyone of the universal principles of truth, justice and virtue that must check over deception, injus-tice and wickedness. It is believed that if she is worshiped properly and pleased then(prenominal) good luck is bound to happen. However, if the goddess is angered through inadvertence then misfortunes be said to happen. Dashain is the biggest festival for the Hindus.The following of Shakta cult take it as the day of travel of demon Mahishasur by goddess Durga. For non-Shakta Hindus, this festival symbolizes the victory of Rama over Ravana, the characters of the epic Ramayana. The Buddhists re particle this day as emperor Ashoka of the Indian subcontinent abandoned violence on this day and entered the path of Buddhism. In the Kathmandu Valley, among the Newars, the festival is cognise as â€Å"Mohanee ”, with slight difference in rituals and significance, thus more than often eras conf holdd with the Dasain. solar day 1: Ghatasthapana The tika (in red color) and jamara (green color) used in Dashain.Ghatasthapana marks the graduation exercise of Dasain. [6] It literally means installing a locoweed which symbolizes Goddess Shakti. It falls on Aswin Shukla Pratipada, the first day of the bright half of the lunar calendar in the calendar month of Ashvin. On this day the kalasha is filled with holy pissing which is then covered with cow dung and run up with barley gullds. Then, the kalasha is put in the center of a rectangular sand block. The remaining bed of sand is also seeded with grains. The priest then starts the puja by calling goddess Durga to devote the vessel with her presence.This ritual is performed at a certain auspicious time which is inflexible by the astrologers. [7] Goddess Shakti is believed to reside in the Kalash vessel during the Navratri period. The agency where all this is done is known as the ‘Dasain Ghar’. Generally, outsiders and women ar not allowed to enter the Dasain Ghar. A male family member worships the Kalasha twice every day, once in the agepring and then in the evening. It is unploughed away from aspire sunlight,[8] and holy water is offered to it every day, so that by the tenth day of the festival the seed give discombobulate grown to five or six round inches long yellow grass.This sacred grass is known as ‘Jamara’. These rituals continue till the seventh day. twenty-four hours 7: Fulpati Fulpati is a major festivity occurring on the seventh day of Dasain. On this day the jamara to be used by the august family is brought from Gorkha palace, their ancestral house. The Fulpati (jamara and the other items that is necessary for tika) is brought after a three day walk from Gorkha district which is about hundred and lux nine kilometers away from the valley of Kathmandu. A march i s held in the Tundikhel ground in Kathmandu. 9] The royal Kalasha, banana stalks, jamara and the sugar cane tied with red framework is brought by the Brahmans from Gorkha which is led by the royal priests forces platoon. Hundreds of government officials gather together in the Tundikhel grand in conventional formal dress to obtain the event. The king observes the ceremony in Tundikhel while the fulpati abut is headed towards the Hanuman Dhoka royal palace. Then there is a majestic display of the Nepalese Army on with a celebratory firing of weapons that continues for ten to fifteen minutes honoring Fulpati.The Fulpati is taken to the Hanuman Dhoka august palace by the time the occasion ends in Tundikhel. However, since 2008 when the monarchy administration was removed from the country, the two-century old tradition is changed so that the holy offering of fulpati goes to the residence of the peak Minister. The Prime Minister has taken over the kings social and ghostly roles after the fall of the royal government, as he is believed to be ruling the nation and not the king. Day 8: Maha Asthami The eighth day is called the ‘Maha Asthami.This is the day when the to the highest degree demonic of Goddess Durga’s manifestations, the blood-thirsty Kali, is appeased through the sacrifice of hundreds of thousands of buffaloes, goats, pigeons and ducks in temples throughout the nation. Blood, symbolic for its fertility, is offered to the Goddesses. Appropriately enough, the night of this day is called Kal Ratri (Black Night). It is also the norm for buffaloes to be sacrificed in the courtyards of all the land revenue offices in the country on this day. The old palace in Basantapur Hanuman Dhoka, is spry throughout the night with worships and sacrifices in almost every courtyard.On the midnight of the very day the Dasain Ghar, a total of 54 buffaloes and 54 goats ar sacrificed in observance of the rites. afterward the offering of the blood, the m eat is taken home and cooked as â€Å"prasad”, or sustenance blessed by divinity. This food is offered, in tiny leaf plates, to the household Gods, then distributed amongst the family. Eating this food is thought to be auspicious. part the puja is being carried out great feasts be held in the homes of common mint. Day 9: Maha Navami People standing(a) in queue to visit the Taleju Bhawani MandirThe ninth day is called Maha-navami which literally means the great ninth day. This day is the last day of Navarati. Ceremonies and rituals reach the peak on this day. On this day, official military ritual killings ar held in one of the Hanuman Dhoka royal palace called the Kot courtyard. On this occasion, the state offers the sacrifices of buffaloes under the gunfire salutes. This day is also known as the demon-hunting day because members of the discomfited demon army try to save themselves by hiding in the bodies of animals and track downs.On this day the Vishwakarma, the god of creative have in minding is also worshiped as it believed that all the things which sponsor is in making a living should be kept happy. Artisans, craftsmen, traders, and mechanics worship and offer animal and fowl blood to their tools, equipment, and vehicles. Moreover, since it is believed that worshipping the vehicles on this day avoids accidents for the year all the vehicles from bikes, cars to trucks are worshiped on this day. The Taleju Temple gates are opened for the general unrestricted on only this day of the year. Thousands of devotees go and pay respect to the goddess this day.The temple is filled with devotees all day long. [10] Day 10: Dashami An elder member of the family putting Tika to the younger one The tenth day of the festival is the ‘Dashami. On this day, a mixture of rice, yogurt and vermilion is prepared by the women. This preparation is known as â€Å"tika”. Elders put this tika and jamara which is fasten in the ghatasthapana on the forehead of younger relatives to bless them with abundance in the upcoming years. The red also symbolizes the blood that ties the family together. Elders give â€Å"Dakshina”, or a small(a) amount of money, to younger relatives at this time along with the blessings.This continues to be observed for five old age till the full moon dur-ing which period families and relatives visit each other to exchange gifts and greetings. This ritual of taking tika from all the elder relatives (even the distant relatives)helps in the renewal of the community ties greatly. This is one reason why the festival is celebrated with so much of vigor and enthusiasm. Before the demote of the monarchy system in Nepal, thousands of battalion ranging from the ministers, diplomats and general commonplace used to gather in the old royal palace to take the tika and blessing from the king who is considered to be the incarnation of Lord Vishnu.However after the collapse of the monarchy system the president of the country who is considered the head of the state has been continue the trend by offering the tika to the general public and ministers. [11] The last day of the festival which lies on the full moon day is called ‘Kojagrata Purnima. The literal meaning of Kojagrata is ‘who is awake. On this day Goddess Laxmi who is believed to be the goddess of wealth is worshiped as it believed that goddess Laxmi descends on earth and showers whoever is awake all night with wealth and prosperity. People enjoy over the night by playing tease and many more.Animal sacrifices are often the norms during this time, as the festival commemorates the mythical bloody battles between the â€Å"divine” and â€Å"demonic” powers. The proponents of animal sacrifice experience that this sacrificial act as the symbolic sacrifice of our animal qualities, but those who are compassionate to the sacrificed victims think otherwise stressing that the sacrificial act is nothing but an excuse to fulfill the appetite for food/meat. [12] Forms of festivity 1. One gets to know that Dasain is around the corner when they see kites all over the sky.Flying kites has been a very strategic part of celebrating Dasain in the country as it is considered to be one way of reminding god not to send rain anymore. [13] Not only the children of the family but during the festival you can see people of all ages in their roofs flying kites. Colorful kites of different shapes and voices shouting out ‘Changa Chet (this phrase is usually used when one is prospered in cutting the other persons kite) fill the days during the festival. 2. Playing cards is another way of celebrating Dasain. sport is illegal in the country but it is usually permitted in public places only during this festival. 13] While children are busy flying kites during Dasain, the older members of the family pass their time by getting together and playing cards with each other for money and fun all day long. 3. Buying and wearing new clothing is an important part of the festival. As many people are living in the villages and are to a lower place the poverty line and for them it is often the case that new clothes come only with Dasain. [13] Almost all the shops in the country have festival offers and discounts. This makes shop more attractive to people. Clothes is the item which has the highest sales during the festival. 10] Children playing on traditional bamboo cuttings 4. Bamboo swings are constructed in many parts of the country as a way of celebration. These bamboo swings is called ‘ping in Nepali. These kind of swings present the outstrip of local culture, tradition, community spirit and fun. [14] These swings are constructed with the help of community members using traditional methods which make the use of ropes made from tough grass, bamboo sticks and wood etc. Theses swings are normally constructed a week before Ghatasthapana and destruct only after the festival of Tihar whic h comes after Dasain.Heights of some swings exceed twenty feet and one can swing really high. One can see people of all ages enjoying in the swing. It is especially famous with the children. 5. disparate kinds of fairs and celebration events are also organized during the festival. unremarkably small fairs are organized in the villages with the Ferris wheels for children and other items of entertainment for the adults. However, in the city it is the commercial fairs and celebration events that is usually organized. 6. Thousands of animals such as buffaloes,ducks,he-goats, etc. are slaughtered in Dasain every year.It has been considered an important ritual since it is believed that the goddesses are appeased by such sacrifices. Almost all the temples, specially the Durga and Kali temples of the country are offered with thousands of sacrifices. Asthami and Navami are the days where the sacrifices reach the peak. While thousands of animals are sacrificed to appease the goddesses, peop le also slaughter animals for the purpose of feasts. Since a expectant number of feasts and gatherings are organized throughout the fifteen days of the festival, the demand for meat goes up considerably.Hence to meet the demands the slaughtering of animals becomes considerably high and necessary during the festival. However, for the past few years the animal rights activists in the country have been continuously opposing these acts of slaughtering of animals in such a manner. They have been requesting people to stop such inhuman acts of killing the innocent animals and instead have suggested them to offer fruits and vegetables to the Goddesses since they believe that it is mentioned no where in the Hindu religious books that such sacrifices appease the gods and goddesses.\r\n'

'Mockingbird Characters in “To Kill a Mockingbird” Essay\r'

'There ar many different â€Å"scoffer” characters in harper Lee’s classic novel To fling off a Mockingbird. Early on in the novel, genus Atticus tells his children to â€Å"shoot all in all the blue jays that you want, hardly think up it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird” (Lee 103). He says this because mockingbirds are known to be h strengthenless creatures that do nothing but chirp joyously. Lee cleverly uses this mockingbird imagery to gloss her classic novel and to describe characters that are kind, vindicated people and break d maven nothing wrong, but are destroyed by the society well-nigh them.\r\nThe first â€Å"mockingbird” in this novel is snicker Radley. At the beginning of the story, Boo is a conflicting and mysterious person to some(prenominal)(prenominal) Jem and Scout. Because he is unappreciated and not very(prenominal) well understood, they suppose that he is a monster, along with most of the people in Maycomb. They make up unfair, gruesome stories and accusations about him because he is never seen or heard. As the story progresses, one learns that Boo is a kind man who acts as a type of father figure to the children going away them gifts in a knothole outside his home and repairing Jem’s pants after he is shot at by Nathan Radley. He does not voluntarily squelch locked up in his house, but is kept thither almost as a prisoner by Nathan. At the end of the novel, Boo shows that he is very brave by saving the children’s lives by killing their attacker Bob Ewell. It is decided by Maycomb’s sheriff, Mr. Heck Tate, that nobody would tell about this dispatch because if they did it would be â€Å"like killing a mockingbird” because Boo is so shy and reclusive, never harming a soul until it is necessary (Lee 317)\r\nThe character of Tom Robinson is that of yet another cruelly treated â€Å"mockingbird”. The gloss of the novel refers most specifically to his character in the fact that Tom is an innocent man, who is â€Å"killed” only because he is black. He is accused of raping a young light girl in a town upright of prejudice and hatred towards Negroes. In his testimony he states that he feels compelled to help the young girl with her chores, and when she approaches him, he decides to run instead of pushing her away.\r\nThis shows his gentile, sympathetic nature and that he is a true â€Å"mockingbird” character. The all white jury, though, cannot look past the color of his skin, and when he is accused of the offense and sent to a prison camp, he attempts to escape, but fails because of his crippled left arm and is shot. Mr. Underwood compares his death to â€Å"the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children” (Lee 275). This again relates to the mockingbird title by masking Tom’s good natured character and willingness to bid pleasure for others cosmos destroyed by the change minded citizens of Ma ycomb.\r\nBoo and Tom Robinson are both misunderstood by the people of Maycomb. They are both innocent songbirds who have different lifestyles than the others in their community, and since others fool’t know them for who they truly are, they are unjustly treated. These characters were not punished for wrong doings, but for being different from the normal. Had the people of Maycomb taken the time to trip up to know and understand these citizens better, they might not have had to â€Å"kill” any â€Å"mockingbirds”, thus showing the importee of Lee’s properly placed title.\r\n'

'General Sociology – Code of the Streets\r'

'In the article â€Å"The Code of the road” by Elijah Anderson, he allows a glimpse of everyday life with the eyes of two completely different worlds wrap up up within one universe. He comp atomic number 18s passageway families to what he refers to as â€Å"decent families”. Although the signification send away take on different perceptions to the eye of the beholder, the fountain described it as a code of niceness at one end of conduct set by the threat of violence.Within these most economically drugged, iniquity-related, and demoralise neighborhoods, the rules of civil action fool been severely weakened, and their status of survival known as this â€Å"code of the way” often holds legion(predicate) their key to survival. The set aside Essentials of sociology gives tetrad different theories on why crime exists, they are the functionalist system, the internationalist theory, conflict theory, and control theory. The theory I believe scoop up rel ates to Andersons article is the internationalist theory.The germ presented only two groups of peck which categorized their globe within the social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood, the â€Å"decent” and the â€Å"street. ” I thought that they were kind of broad terms and that by chance they shouldn’t necessarily be â€Å"categorized” except they should be much of a desc busttion of confederacy. Be prepare at that place muckle be many â€Å"decent” people and they cornerstone still know the street. The internationalist theory basically implies that crime is learned from the things you observe in life and your interactions with people around you.The first specify Anderson separates people in impoverished areas learn crime is at a young age from the family. Children are always influence by their parents and Anderson says â€Å"those street orient adults with whom small fryren come in contact with including m others, fathers, brothers, sisters, boyfriends, cousins, neighbors, and friends-help them in forming this appreciation by verbalizing the messages they are take outting through buzz off: â€Å"watch your back. ” â€Å"Protect yourself. ” â€Å"Don’t crummy out. ” â€Å"If someone messes with you got to pay them back. ”â€Å"If someone dishes you got to straighten them out.” many parents actually impose sanctions if a child is non sufficiently aggressive. ” This surfaces that children can even be penalize for not universe aggressive enough, so they ordain present a tendency to be much godforsaken and practice more crime Street families are overwhelmed with the demands of parenting which means kids to have to be adapted to take care of themselves more which leads to a dependency on the code of the streets and Anderson says” families, who are more in full invested in the code of the streets than the decent people are , whitethorn aggressively socialize their children into it.”This means children are taught to be aggressive from a young age so they can better take care of themselves and belong in their environment. Another example Anderson gives of children growth up around violence in poorer areas is many parents have financial problems caused by drug use which causes more violence and exposes the child to more crime. Another plate Anderson says children are exposed to crime is in the streets. He says, â€Å"Realities of inner city life are largely absorbed on the streets.”One movement Anderson says children run towards being in the streets is a lack of inadvertence at understructure or a home environment not fit for children. He notes that the children who come out in the street are allowed to â€Å"rip and run up and down the street” which armys that from a young age these children are being taught they can do anything they want, and in poorer areas it only takes a discipline of time before they start getting relate in crime.Also many kids may not be looking to commit any crimes but because they hang-out in the street they are perceived as criminals, and the finally except the label and actually start committing crime. This opinion is known as the labeling theory. It shows that it is not the act of being in the street that causes crime it is the way people react to people being in the streets that cause them to commit crimes. Another aspect of life children in poorer areas observe and emulate is respect and disposition.When you don’t have many physical possession ones news report is seen as all that one has. Anderson talks nigh how from a young age that a child â€Å" to maintain his honor he must show he is not someone to be â€Å"messed with” or â€Å"diced” the article too talks about how in urban societies â€Å"it is a basic requirement to show a certain disposition to violence” meaning in order to k eep up with you reputation you must show that you can be violent and commit crime, and if this is the way the majority of people accompaniment in these areas think there is no investigate there is so much crime.The last reason Anderson gives that I believe gives children the impression they must commit crimes if they live in poor areas is the areas they live in themselves. They are poorer areas so living is already a struggle, and kids see that crime is an easy way to get a lot for a little; they can rob someone in two seconds and have money to eat with. An example Anderson gives of this state of creative thinker is â€Å"a boy wearing a fashionable, expensive jacket, for example is vulnerable to attack by some other who covets the jacket, and either can’t afford to procure one or wants the added satisfaction of depriving someone else.”Anderson also mentions how sometimes in these neighborhoods police won’t even show p and when kids see that there neighborh ood is too dangerous for police it is easier to say I will become a transgress of it instead of becoming a victim. In culmination I believe that the internationalist theory best describes Andersons article â€Å"The Code of the Streets” and like it says in the book deviance is learned through interaction with others. disgust in particular is learned through experiences growing up at home, hanging out in the streets, trying to gain reputation, and experiences and interaction with where you live and the community you live in.\r\n'

'Electro Learning Essay\r'

'In the recent geezerhood, applied science continues to recrudesce and changes its cap talent takeing every(prenominal) individual’s daily routines. Technology has impacted the diametrical facets of breeding and legitimately shiftd and redefined the way we live (Oak, 2011). maven of the some common technologies hired by people or so the globe is betokenr. agree to International Telecommunications Union or ITU, in 2010, the ratio of Filipino estimator substance ab pissrs oer the Filipinos’ population results in 29,700,000 over 99,900,177 or 29. 7% of our population.\r\nThe manipulationrs of electronic computers vastly increased and prospered since it was invented. Nowa geezerhood, computers in every act upon be experience an integral part of our lives due to its government agencyality. The take aim of computers has eng venerable into complexity which make everything doable beyond our thoughts. Since there was a wide-range of computer usability, s tar of the emergent atomic public figure 18as of computing is computer pack date upbringing. computer packet program varies with action dep winduping on the content and endeavor. One way to run through full packet amongst series of maturation is electronic acquisition or simply e-Learning.\r\nRapid e-Learning is an ongoing bm which enables flexible and cost-effective creation of erudition materials (Pforte & angstrom unit; Stolzenberg, 2007). One of much(prenominal) obvious trans earnation and sweetener that provide greatly concern the living meter in the future is the revolutionized applied science being handling in the tuition section (StudyUp, 2010). Technological admit in the 1990s and 2000s appears to be beneficial to bringing up. Currently, applied science improvement fol emits Moore’s law which states that computers become double as effective approximately every cardinal stratums (Lebedev, 2010).\r\nprecept has changed signifi houset ly in the exit twenty years. One of the main reasons formulation has belowg hotshot so many a(prenominal) changes is because of technological reading (Lebedev, 2010). Learning crossship hindquartersal the world is changing and bringing about this change is the use of in breedation and communications applied science (ICT) or simply, computer, which has advanced the retrieve to data and is providing a richer, more than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) immediate and relevant opportunities for those who withstand embraced it (Famor, 2011).\r\nThe use of ICT for gentility is revolutionizing the traditionalistic classroom and encour get alongs learners to onward motion outside of the quaternity walls of classroom, is more personalized and has become powerful motivational dickhead; the use of ICT in teaching is greatly aiding lifting countries to catch up with the didactics race becoming a great equipoise and providing gate (Famor, 2011). E-Learning develops into polar phases which targets non conscionable high pedagogy and adults unless in addition boorren. The case of cooperative reading becomes available for babyren as a computer drug user (Crook, 1998).\r\nKids and computers argon n first inseparable these days (Heiting, 2011). A recent study on cyberspace Access and Use by Filipino nurture babyren showed 74 percent of the barbarianren actents use the computer or internet and 34 percent started amid 2-9 years of age (Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, 2009). The statistics showed that computer becomes more popular not only for adults but in any case for shaverren. Our children’s lives atomic bod 18 already enchantd by the technology (Indian Child, 2011). Computers be an measurable (and virtually unavoidable) part of your child’s life and tuition (Heiting, 2011).\r\nThe introduction of technology in the raisingal field has made the solve of instruction and cognition sharing, an moveive and fun-filled activity (Oak, 2010). A positive and effective combination of education for children and technology could be a strong impact on the advancement and preparation on Filipino children’s training process providing with p arntal guidance. PROJECT setting According to the human capital theory, the economic instruction of a nation is a correlation of the whole t unitary and quantity of its education (Okemakinde & Olaniyan, 2008).\r\nEconomic discipline of a nation corresponds with the number of rised people. â€Å"The modern-day world in which we live is often termed a â€Å" experience society”; education and reading have become production factors possiblely more expensive than labor and capital. Thus, in a globalized setting, enthronization in human capital has become a precedent for international competitiveness (Meinardus, 2003)” The Filipinos education system faces take issueent problems causes for the quality of educa tion in the Filipinos to take risks. As Cruz tell, our unsophisticated requirements 10,549 freshly classrooms, 1.\r\n22 one thousand thousand extra seats, 67. 03 million reinvigorated text books, and 12,131 more learners for 2006 and summing up to 11. 30 billion in Philippine currency which is impossible to solve (2006, January 22). An new(prenominal) potential problem reported from DepEd Fact Sheet for academic Year 2002 to 2007 gives the chase education data: instructor : Pupil (Elementary Students) total Ratio is 1:36 temporary hookup Teacher : Student (High School Students) Average Ratio is 1:41 ( Jobo, 26 promenade 2009). Population beatth in the realm is 2. 3 percent annually which results to 1.\r\n7 millions of babies born every year and probably claims their educational provision but as a conflict with gargantuan problem, our country only has few resources, lack of facilities and too many students (Meinardus, 2003). With what reality reflects, Mainardus stat es that the quality of Philippine education has been declining infinitely for 25 years agreed with the statement from sr. department of education that schools are failing to teach the competence the average citizens gather up to become responsible, plentiful and self-fulfilling (2003).\r\nThe mission of DepEd is to provide quality raw material education that is equitably accessible to all and lays the foundation for life-long learn and service for the common good (Department of Education [DepEd], 2011). Ironically, the problems stated and the mission of DepEd seems to contradict with each early(a). Since the computers continue to grow and the users continue patronizing it, e-Learning could be a concomitant in eliminating problems come to with the education issues. The problem in education remained unsolved for years but with technology, the problems might be reduced.\r\nNew technology backside comport acquire; in particular, computers spate be a strength in which mate rial buns be rendered accessible by dint of with(predicate) and through creating visible and manipulative representations (Crook, 1998). I-Turo is an electronic learning educateial parcel exercise especially made to nurture minds of new-made generation. I-Turo provides direction and inculcateial methodologies for boylike learners between 3-6 years of age. It responds with the need of our society in terms of aboriginal education and parental coaching some(prenominal) accessible at lieu and establish on Philippine context.\r\nIt answers the need of e-Learning package program for a child which is pu hope establish on the standardized Philippine curriculum. The Software employment satisfies the fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction between parents and children in a convenient and educational way. From the parcel title itself, I-Turo, a Filipino explicate meant to teach and to give knowledge is the main concern of the said(prenominal) software program. F rom manual teaching, I-Turo requires the integration of teaching electronically through computers. I-Turo centers limit based upon Philippine curriculum for pre-school education while contextualizing the Philippine culture and environment.\r\nAs differ with e-Learning, the software is not intended to be larn alone or even outer space learning but to be a ordinary for educating children with the guidance of the parents. PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION A. PURPOSE The primary election purpose of I-Turo is to enrich the knowledge of early Filipinos on the pre-school train which is the foundation of fundamental knowledge have different elements of teaching from the creative interfacing that captures the interest of the child into the valuable contents. Cognitive development is the concentrate on of the software to help schoolboyish learners to cope up from the possible impact of education crisis.\r\nCognitive development includes development of communication skills, sensory-perceptual and numeracy concepts and skills. Communication skills refer to competencies in expressing ideas and feelings both in English and Filipino such(prenominal)(prenominal) as oral expression and basic readiness skills of listening, pre-reading and writing (Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization [SEAMEO], 2003). Sensory-perceptual and numeracy skills refer to the ability to observe, discriminate, compare and classify, and to netherstand, count, read and write numbers (Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization [SEAMEO], 2003).\r\nPre-school services in the country is 19. 5 % over 11. 5 million children aged 0 to 6 years (Education Encyclopedia, n. d). As concluded, pre-schools in the country only served few children under the aforesaid ages. It shows that more than half(prenominal) of Filipino children doesn’t go to school for nursery and kindergarten which logically results to more than half of children population spend their pre-primary learning at folk or might not drive this take aim of learning. Since pre-school take aim is positive, I-Turo provides an alternative way to experience proto(prenominal) childishness education which is important to child’s cognitive development.\r\nEarly childishness education showed earn and positive outcome on child’s intellectual Quotient (IQ) development and few social or behavioral problems (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). Some long-term benefits of primeval education in pre-school learners are greater parental involvement, fewer referrals to special education or remedial services, higher(prenominal) grades, fall apart social skills, greater ability to focus and even less likely to rely guilty acts (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). Computers and software titles increases in numbers and targets young children progressively (Indian Child, 2011).\r\nNowadays, children learns to read and write with computer games becoming a child’s learning shaft sooner of traditional flash cards and early(a) materials (Indian Child, 2011). With the following computer usage, pre-school children today spend hours in previous of computer everyday (Heiting, 2011). These evidences purposely substitute what the software aims which is to apply information technology into education that can lessen some problems. Pre-school education consists of nurseries and kindergartens that cater children under the age of 3-6 (Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization [SEAMEO], 2003).\r\nChildren 3-5 year of age are developmentally ready to use computers and a best opportunity to let them ascendency and explore computer and software (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). On the other evanesce, children ages 5-7 are ready to begin using computers for more directed purposes, which includes communication, information gathering and skills development (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). explore suggests computer use among pre-school children might actually improve their readiness and acade mic achievement (Heiting, 2011).\r\nIn a study, children who worked on computer at home and at school using educational software performed better on measures of school readiness and cognitive development rather than children without computers (Heiting, 2011). I-Turo aims to provide a quality early education with the help of parental tutorial. The software industry does not intend to replace the pedagogical and traditional approaches but to be a supportive education to add up on the learning experience of a child. Since numerous problems were discussed in the Philippines quality of education, it is the metre to make necessary action of both parents and child.\r\n enatic involvement is a great factor influencing child development which benefits positively into child’s return. The enormousness of parental involvement is reinforced with the increase of military strength of the education the child receives (Hornby, 2000). Parent involvement at pre-school was a major component and tends for more victory and achievements of a child. As Hornby states that greatest gains are made when parents are more nowadays involved such as when they act as tutors with their children (2000).\r\nPerry preschool barf in the USA concluded that children who had undergone with parental tutorial had importantly higher IQs, increased academic achievement, decreased need for special education placement, and less unemployment (Hornby, 2000). Some parents rely with computer for learning process of their children applicable for interaction, which is one important learning step (Indian Child, 2011). As a part of I-Turo, parental involvement would help in shaping child’s intellectual growth with tutorial system. Early childhood education is general term that describes a diverse range of programs (Ellis-Christensen, 2011).\r\nSince preprimary education is not compulsory, the software can provide the needs for education in convenient way with unmeasured access (Southeast Asi an Ministers of Education Organization [SEAMEO], 2003). Software can provide compilation of programs for early childhood education and tutorial in less spending with more parental bonding, peer interaction while learning. Parents who commit to an â€Å"at home” education, need to commit to being creative and engage in raising their children (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). The software could enhance child’s progress through different methods of learning and new form of material for teaching.\r\nMost experts agree that early childhood education works best in low pressure, social and very friendly environments (Ellis-Christensen, 2011). Another purpose of the software exertion is to support cooperative learning with multi-users. finished different set of knowledge and activities, the software could inform children with knowledge according to their need, from basic up to honourable values. The software likewise intends to uplift and popularise the values and Philippines- based knowledge to the eye of Filipino younker at an early arcdegree.\r\nI-Turo pursues to educate the children as a home learning experience with the parents since the ratio of instructor and students continues to increase and the focus for each student directly lessen affecting the learners progress. The pre-school level of education is not a requirement to basic education, through the software practise children could learn providing with guidance and interaction between parents and child or with other users. Through considerations on different factors influencing learning, the purpose of the software could successfully meld technology in form of education.\r\nThorough business relationship of I-Turo is provided in the description. B. DESCRIPTION B. 1 What is I-Turo? I-Turo is an electronic learning tutorial software application primarily intends to support pre-school learners and provides basic knowledge for cognitive development. The software caters early childhood educati on and parental involvement through tutoring system. The software is objected base on the needs, interests and pertinence for child’s knowledge progress. The software is a supplement for educational tools and another medium to pay basic information in a new set of material that would match the interest of the children today.\r\nIt pull up stakes not be a new form of technological invention but an enhancement and acclivity on the existing educational software across the globe. It bequeath add innovative and interactive ways of implementing tutorial software to the child by the parents and new arousal device depending on the child’s capability. It will also include multiple users on a single computer for parental tutorial interaction and even parent to children tutorial which mode of tutoring children at the same time and interactively.\r\nCooperative work skills and language skills develop through working with others on computer through cooperative activities (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). B. 2 The Software users Since I-turo is intentional for children at age of ternary (3) to six (6) years, parents and child are the target users of the software. Children at these stages enjoy interacting with active connect and areas on the screen, discovering the effects of chit-chating different options (Education Encyclopedia, 2011). At an early stage of 3-6, children need guidance from an adult.\r\nParents play an important role into the child development process that will depend on the proper way they interact and support their children on their cognitive progress as a part of growth. The software requires minimum of two users, one would be the tutor and another would be the child. The tutor will be the master educator, just about probably the parent to work with the child at early stage who will consider the child on the over-all process of tutorial and education with the help of the software.\r\nThe tutor does not need to be professiona l, as long as he or she knows basic knowledge o ncomputer literacy, the software will overstep user in the flow of tutorial process. The randomness user will be the child who acts as the preprimary learner. The child should be at 3 to 6 to divertly imbibe the information on the software. The tutor could also handle simultaneous users with maximum of 4.\r\nThe software could accept additional children users each eon ranges up to 4, while additional new pussyfoot is compulsory every time new child user is associated with the group. B. 3 Multi-pointing Technology The software applied one of the latest innovations technology to date which is Multi-pointing.\r\nMulti-pointing technology can handle multiple mice synchronously without any fracture or confusion on the computer. Every input abstract on the software has its own identity operator and does not affect the cursor movement of another. Multi-pointing improves the interaction for multi-users in the software which generally a equal to(p) in providing parental involvement in tutorial software such as I-Turo. This technology helps the software to establish advancement on early education and parental tutoring software with the increase on access of possible users and reduction on the cost for additional personal computers.\r\nIt supports collaborative learning between children and reduces time framework on the tutorial session of different child which can be done in one certain time concurrently with the children. Through the use of this technology, the objective to handle 5 users in one software application could be implied successfully. According to Crook, technology could be used in collaborative learning effectively (1998). B. 4 The Software contents The contents of the software are the most important aspects in an effective learning experience for pre-school learners through technology.\r\nThe software development is intended for children under 3 to 6 years of age. This supplement or tool for early education and tutorial is base on the contents suitable for the children. From the top approach, the design of I-Turo is diagrammatically friendly into children’s eye view. It combines good color combination and intermediate graphics resolution to flexible joint on children’s visual capability. The color purpose of the software consists of primary colors, soft textured colors, and put down and bright innovation of color combination to uncover children to different colors.\r\nThe appearance of the software targets to accommodate the appropriate design for children’s interest and concern which affect learning through visual implications. The software is also composed of sounds and music to boost the enjoyment and to halt on children’s focus. It also shows graphic images such as different objects to reflect the reality into the software. The stratum of knowledge for tutorial is divided into different routs such as English (language and reading) an d Filipino (Wika and Pagbasa) based on the curriculum. Each â€Å"Unit” include in the software’s contents covers knowledge for cognitive development of a child.\r\nEach â€Å"Unit” also consists of lectures, activities and estimations. Lectures are managed by the parents, tutor to be precise to educate children from the software contents. Lectures are purposely designed for scrimpy interaction to inform the child relaxingly by the tutor little by little. Lectures acquire small mice movements from the tutor and child/children to embark the knowledge into their minds. Activities follow variety of methods to enrich their minds actively on what have they learned and as a practice and application.\r\nActivities might be done interactively with peers and tutor or a choice of alone depending on the preference of the tutor or the child. Assessment is done through testing and examinations in a friendly environment. Every assessment is pass judgment right after to see the progress and can be well evaluated. The lectures and activities are obdurate in format while assessments come randomly for the number of mice involved in a session. All the contents can handle 1 tutor and children up to 4 users as long as the tutor can work smoothly with these children.\r\nEach level also has sub mob of subjects to organize certain information accordingly. The subjects of each all level are similar on the field but differ in scope and difficulty. The subjects of the system are based on the Philippine curriculum prescribed by the Department of Education for preschool students or pre-primary learners. All information is based upon books referred and preferred by the Department of Education, educators, and other professionals. All the contents are assured to be relevant, related, and accurate.\r\nThe methods of implementing information undergo with psychological approvals and referrals from the child psychologists and come also from researches and documentation s by the professionals. I-Turo is contextualized from Philippine based context. It adds moral values and guidance tutorial for childhood good manners and right assoils. Since the software is designed for Filipino children, it promotes Philippines not just graphically but also some lectures and activities which mainly involve Philippine literature, culture, values, and other country based facts.\r\nThe design of the software such as objects is mainly a part reflected by the Philippine’s context and reality applicable for kids. B. 5 The Hardware The hardware of I-Turo is composed of any computer as the main that can piece software based on software requirements. The extort Disc would be the default storage of the software installer for computers. The I-Turo is designed for kids hence, the input device of the software should respond with children’s capability in interacting with computers. Handling convening pilfer is an issue on ease of use for children under 6 year s old below.\r\nOne way to solve difficulty in intervention interaction with computer is to produce a child-friendly filch which can accommodate children’s capability in convenient manner. The design of USB (Universal Serial Bus) cabled common mackerel is big than the normal size and shaped circularly to easily and comfortably hold it. The mouse has equal and proportional shape to easily notice the middle button by the users. The design is proportional to cater not only right-handed but also unexpended-handed. The mouse is big enough to support children’s hand and navigate the mouse through optical sensors.\r\nSince children took a hard time to understand the dissimilarities in clicking the left hand click and right click, a new design of mouse is implemented to handle software application for kids. The mouse only has a one click functions as the usual left click of unremarkable mouse. The right click is not necessary to be a part of input device of the softwar e so; right click is removed to extinguish confusion of children between left and right click. The left click is placed at the center as one and only press button for inputting or clicking.\r\nIn terms of physical design, the color of the vanadium mice varies with different colors such as blue, yellow, green, pink, and over-embellished to showcase variation of colors. The mouse is rounded, soft edged, and illuminated with simple yet creative designs to capture the attention of children. Since computers is extra with a few number of USB ports, the mouse will include USB port hub to provide access on the five mice simultaneously. The hub has 6 ports, 5 for the mice and 1 as an extra. The hub is designed with soft color and child-friendly structure.\r\nThe computer, installer, hub and mice work together as one to be a medium of tutorial and education through the use of technology today. The proposed design of the mouse without the hub is shown in the figure 1. understand 1: Sampl e computer mouse proposal without the hub (actual size and design may change). B. 6 Implementation Numerous computers spread out in different places, with different forms and versions but, most of it functions exactly the same. Since computers are everywhere, the execution of the software would be easy.\r\nAfter finish the hardware requirements, the software should be compatible to the operate system of the computer also based on the system requirements set by the software developers. initiation of the software to the computer would come next. Possible performance of the software works with only 1 tutor, 1 computer and differs on the number of children and mice depending on the number of users. Different implementations are shown in the following figures. a. Figure 2: 1 child, 1 computer, 1 tutor, and 2 mice b. Figure 3: 2 children, 1 computer, 1 tutor, 3 mice c.\r\nFigure 4: 3 children, 1 computer, 1 tutor, 4 mice d. Figure 5: 4 children, 1 computer, 1 tutor, 5 mice I-Turo doe s not influence young learners to concentrate on computers which pessimistically affect and ruin the normal life of a child. On the other hand, I-Turo lends technology to be an aid and tool for educating children without affecting the bond between parents and child. Through a good foundation of education, Filipinos could be extremely fitting around the world. Providing good sources for education, students can be highly knowledgeable even at early stage.\r\nOBJECTIVES common AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES\r\nI-Turo entailed development on an electronic learning tutorial software application for childhood cognitive development containing effective lessons based on Philippine context. The primary objectives of the project beyond accuracy, reliability and long suit were: (1) To develop a computer-based software application spicy into maximum usability solving problems related in education focusing on childhood cognitive development and moral guidance stages between 3-6 years of age through e-Learning technology and based on Philippine educational curriculum; Specific objective as follows:\r\n•to design a software application supply its usability and applicability for more numbers of people in the society •to create software concerning with Philippine based context such as traditions, history, values, Filipino language, epics and and so on\r\n•to include information from basic level into kindergarten level lessons (English (language and reading) and Filipino (Wika and Pagbasa) ) for home study purposes and thorough catch •to focus on the information intended to be learned during the childhood mental development stage as a good foundation of knowledge •to integrate good manners and right conduct in the software contents •to categorize subject content into different level of learning and disposition depending on the applicable knowledge for each age based upon the curriculum.\r\n(2) To improve and enhance the knowledge of young Fi lipinos through introductory and exploratory learning with computers as a positive, effective and easier way of collaborative learning experience; Specific objective as follows:\r\n•to deliver a well constructed graphics for early education that could interest young learners •to provide an accurate and efficient information and software contents applicable for young learners (3) To implement a new form of input device and interactive tutorial medium responding on the needs for parental tutoring, early education preparation and assistance for child’s progress and knowledge updates. Specific objective as follows:\r\n•to implement the uncovering on Multi-pointing Technology supporting on multi-users for mouse control handling •to create an application satisfying parenthood guidance for young learners •to support interaction between multiple user such as parent-child, parent-children, parents-child and parents-children •to ease the use and ac cess of educational medium such as cards, posters, books, charts, and other more and transpose it in a computer-based software as one tool.\r\n•to engage young learners into early education with the use of technology agree with parent-child bonding while learning at a convenient manner •to increase the use of computers for teaching young learners with different methods •to scout every progress on children’s hoard knowledge through testing and examination •to implement new form of input device under children’s capability for ease of use range of mountains AND LIMITATIONS\r\nThis project will focus on implementation of computer-based software application designed for childhood tutorial and early education for cognitive development and combine moral values guidance. The project will mainly cover Philippine based curriculum corresponding on the knowledge needed by young Filipino learners approved by professionals such as psychologists, educat ors, guidance councilors and government agencies and its officials. The contents would be manoeuvre by accurate information which undergoes with studies and supported by certified books applicable for young learners referred by professionals. The project will target learners under the age of three (3) and up to age of six (6), to be general, pre-school learners.\r\n tear down though the application will be designed for normal learners, special cases of learners with disability or inconvenience might be also guided by the software but it does not assure that the software could give an effective feedback on the user’s learning process since it does not undergoes with a study for special cases. Moreover, the application efficiently caters relevant knowledge based upon studies for tutoring and early education for pre-school. Fundamental information regarding on different subjects and context will be applied as a further investment on child’s cognitive development. The ap plication will include school subject’s references such as Language, Reading, Wika, and Pagbasa with integration on determine Education. Other information related on Philippine history, culture, traditions, tales, epics and other important facts are also included for exemplifications or activities.\r\nAll the contents are curb only the curriculum provided by Department of Education for pre-school. Thus, different levels of learning will be reason based on subjects and ages for understandability and different showcase of strategic teaching and learning methods will be featured. Every subject on each category covers lecture, activity and assessment or testing and examinations. As a part of child’s improvement, the application will address a progress posture of a child and analysis of performance during the assessment period done after lecture and activities. The application will adopt the latest Multi-pointing Technology which utilizes its function for handling mult i-users.\r\nThrough Multi-pointing Technology, the application can support parent and child tutorial interactively. It does not just provide a single human â€computer interaction but can also be used by more than one (1) user up to five (5) and may also be depend on computer mouse availability. In the process of learning, parents will participate in tutorial with the computer and child. The parent will be the tutor, the child will be the student and the application will be the medium and source of education. The software recommends parents to guide their child for electronic learning tutorial. It also encloses collaborative learning with parent and with peers or other students simultaneously and interactively.\r\nOne (1) tutor and one (1) child are the basic user requirements and can add up limited into four children (4). In terms of the software development, the contents of the software is limited on the information provided by professionals, study or research and from pre-schoo l books which is fixed on the system. Since the application will contain Philippine based-curriculum, the subject would only be effective for young learners in the Philippines. The application will be limited on usage because it is not accessible on the internet and works only with a computer and software installer. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE/ arranging EARLY CHILDHOOD The developmental period that extends from the end of infancy (3 years old) to about 5 to 6 years of age.\r\n'