Development of a Human Computer Interface

Development of a Human Computer Interface rook HCI( charit suitable estimator interaction) has become hotshot of the important aspect in benevolent life. Signals gene commitd from clement body argon bio points and has huge potential to be use as an embrasure for human schooling processing system devices. Multiple devices ar express that recognizes these boio aims which is generated during ponderosity contraction and converting those requests into some command to be utilise as an input to the HCI devices. However, the task can be acquired through bio auspicates which forms a aflutter linkage with the electronic figurer proficiencys like Electro-Encephalogram(EEG), Electrooculogram(EOG), and Electromyogram(electromyogram). In past, there subscribe been separate of studies wherein many researchers have use bio preindications to go other device. electromyogram is hence, one of the least explored mechanism form of bio bode to be deployed in HCI and its studies are servic eable for neuromuscular system as accepted affections may slow atomic pile brawn contraction and muscle firing leading to paralysis of muscle.Keywords electromyogram, HCI, biosignals, atrophied muscles, unquiet linkage.1 IntroductionHCI is the one of the research area that emerged in early 1980s, which has expanded rapidly it was previously known as a man- machine interaction. HCI focuses on the port between substance abuser and the computer and deals with the design, act and assessment of computer system and other related receptive that are for human use. Designing interactive computer systems to be effective, efficient, easy and enjoyable to use is important, so that hatful and society may realize the benefits of numeration base devices 1. The researchers observes the way human interacts with the computer system and design hot technologies and larboard that lets human and computers to interaction invention ways 2. Some of the grammatical case of popular HCI technique s are image processing, speech recognition, bio signal processing and so forth HCIs goal is to minimize the differences between the humans goal of what they want to happen upon and the understanding level of computer to perform the task. It relates knowledge from both the human and machine side. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, stack with different study areas contri howevere to its success. mannikin 1 shows the areas where HCI can be implemented with distinctive importance.Fig.1. Disciplines contribute to HCI 3electromyogram is an electro medical procedure for estimating and recording the voltaical signals produced by penurious muscle. electromyogram is performed utilize electromyography, to produce an electrical record or signal called electromyogram 4. An electromyography detects the electric potential generated by skeletal muscle cells when these cells are actuate electrically or neurologically. The electromyogram technology dishs capture apparent transactions as i nputs for realistic joysticks, keyboards leading to sore application in mobile computing etc 5. This signal can also be analyzed to detect medical abnormalities, activation level, or biomechanics of human elbow grease. The motor neurons of a human body transmit electrical signals that causes muscle to contract and an electromyogram translate this signals to graphs, sound or numerical determine that can be interpreted by analyst. EMGs signal can be easily acquired employ electrodes and it is of twain types, dry electrode that is condition contact with the spit come out that records muscles activity from the airfoil above the muscle on the skin and require more than one electrode, because EMG recording displays the electric potential difference between two separate electrodes, second is gelatin or inserted EMG which can be performed using a electrolytic capacitor gel as a chemical interface between the skin and electrolyte 6. A needle electrode and fine wire electrode is the example of inserted electrode. Needle electrode is apply in clinical areas and the tip of the electrode is bare and utilise for the originate detection. beautiful wire electrode they are easily implanted in and withdrawn from the skeletal muscles, and is less painful then needle electrode. Thus EMG has a variety of clinical and biomedical applications where it is employ to diagnose neuromuscular disease and many other disorders of motor take.2EMG exercisingd for HCIStudies are being carried out for the use of EMG signals inorder to identify disabilities as a significant mo of individuals are suffering from severe motor disabilities, due to variety of causes, such as Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), Amythorphic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and so on 7. at that placefore, EMG signal are not only apply for identifying neuromuscular disorder but can also be as a curtail signals for prosthetic devices 8. It is the least explored compared to others biosignals like EEG, EOG etc. EMGs a re natural performer of HCI because the electrical signals induced by human muscle gallery during its contraction represents nueromuscular movement that can be interpreted and alter into computers witness command. EMG signals can be used for a crook of applications including clinical applications, HCI and interactive computer gaming. Basically EMG can be used to sense isometric muscular activity which does not transalate into movement thus making it possible to classify subtle motionless apparent movements and to have interfaces without being noticed and without disrupting the surrounding environment 9. The EMG signal have different signatures i.e, two peoples gesture might be identical but their characteristics EMG signals are different interms of their age, muscle instruction skin toothsome work and gesture style. One of the occupation of EMG is its signal contains a different type of noise that are caused by equipment noise, electromagnetic ray of elucidate etc and h ence preprossing is needed to filter out the unwanted noise in EMG signal.3Related worksResearchers have worked on regarding how EMG signal is used to command some other devices like prosthetic arm, robots or enable people with certain disabilities. These are shown in following paper.In 1996 Yasuharu Koike et.al, 10 veritable a human interface employing a model of an arm, robot control of an artificial great deal, and the figureing of motion capability. The aim of this paper was to construct a complete forward dynamics model of the human arm by using Artificial queasy communicate (ANN). The model has the ability to learn physiological recordings of EMG signals for simultaneous measurement of movement.In 2000 Alsayegh et.al, 11 proposed an EMG ground signal where EMG signal is limited to tether arm muscles (medial Deltoid) MD, (anterior deltoid) AB, (biceps brachii) BB that was able to recognize 12 arm gestures. The processing of EMG signal is base on arm gestures having uniq ue temporal coordination. The motley technique used is context dependent categorisation within the framework of Bayes theorem. non only the unique arm gesture by using EMG signal was developed there were motley researchers working in the scope of EMG for the people suffering with motor disabilities like present paralysis, complication paralysis etc.In 2004 Jong sung kim et.al, 12 proposed a natural means of human computer interaction induced by human implements of war muscle movement and the generated EMG signal to be used as computer commands control. The paper developed an online EMG MOUSE system that controls movement of the cursor, which are interpretation of 6 pre-defined motions, up, down, left, right, click and rest. A Fuzzy arcminute soap Neural Network (FMMNN) is used as a classifier.In 2005 Inhyuk Moon et.al, 13 proposed a novel vesture EMG based HCI for the wheelchair user with severe motor disabilities caused by C4 and C5 spinal cord injury. The EMG signal is acquired by left, right and both shoulder elevation motion. EMG wearable device directly generates MAV (Mean Average Value) signal from raw EMG. The MAV signal is converted to digital data using AD converter embedded in a mettlesome speed micro control condition. The recognized result is sent to the wheelchair controller via Bluetooth communication module. The following category one more paper regarding people suffering from motor disabilities was presented.In 2006 Ki-Hong Kim et.al, 14 developed an interface that relies on EMG signal acquired from human face during contraction of muscle. Electrodes are placed well-nigh brow, cheeks and eyes. The subject was made to perform some actions like blinking of eyes, clenching of teeth, wrinkling of forehead and frowning. The signal is acquired and analyzed using LPC (Linear Prediction Coefficient) and LPC entropy were calculated to rise up the characteristics information contained in the measured signal. For pattern recognition Hidden Markov perplex (HMM) is used. Same year some were working on knock over gesture recognition.In 2006 Ganesh R Naik ei.al, 15 proposed an approach to identify hand gestures using muscle activity separated from electromyogram using ICA (Independent Component Analysis). The aim of the look into in this paper was to test the use of ICA for separation of the EMG signals for the excogitation of identifying hand gestures and actions.After the recognition of hand gestures and enabling motor disabilities, in 2008 JonghwaKim et.al, 16 proposed modification of a RC car that is controlled by users hand signs, instead of using remote control unit. The interfacing system first calculates relevant traces in the EMG signal of quad hand signs, classifies the hand signs into the quaternity classes, and assigns the result to certain steering commands for the RC car. For feature extraction RMS was used calculated by observing last 16 incoming values. For compartmentalization KNN and Bayes theor em was combined using decision tree and aspire a control the car via PC. as well as in 2009 Jun-Ru Ren et.al, 17 studied an Electromyogram Based on HCI. This paper showed a control system using fortify electromyography that is proposed for computer peripheral control and artificial prosthesis control. The system intends to realize the commands of six pre defined hand poses i.e. up, down, left, right, yes and no. Power spectral density (PSD) is used to measure signal power intensity and for classifier the Bayesian classifier is used for extracting feature. In the same year Ahsan et.al, 9 categorize EMG signal techniques to help improve interface for change people. This paper discusses various methodologies and techniques for interpreting EMG signal.Researchers extended their study to multistep EMG mixed bag in 2010 Armando Barreto et.al, 19 proposed a system that can effectively help disabled people from the neck down to interact with computer or communicate with people through computers using point and click vivid interfaces. The EMG signal is generated using facial muscle with a jibe cursor movement command.In 2011 get up EMG has attracted an attention of researchers for interface signal. Ishii et.al, 20 studied about myoelectric prosthetic in which arm/hand gesture is distinguished by identification of the surface Electromyogram. For identification of motion uneasy meshing is used.In 2012 Takeshi Tsujimura et.al, 21 studied Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. The purpose of this paper was to design an uncomplicated system to identify finger motion and to develop innovative HMI. This paper also distinguishes the hand signs by analyzing the forearm EMG signals. It relies on the proposition that the specific muscles of forearm work dismantle if fingers are moved.Researchers studied through multichannel surface EMG signals and in 2014 Han Li et.al, 4 showed HCI system Based on the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture r ecognition based on the feature extraction, identification, classification and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. In this paper, the four different gestures can be distinguished accurately to complete the real-time interactive process. The experimental results show that the HCI system based on SEMG has high accuracy. Auto regression method is used for analysis of SEMG signal and the classification is done using back propogation technique.In 2015 Ahmed Mehaoua et.al, 18 designed a novel EMG based system that aims to control multimedia player in simple, efficient and flexible manner. The objective of this paper was to provide efficient control system seeking to simplify the life of hand amputee persons by allowing them to control media player through EMG signals generated by muscle activation from forearm contraction. The electrical potential generated allows start, stop a video or change by reversal between a set of media. For detecting muscle contraction four s teps is used rectification, filtering, linear envelop and onset contraction and turns the signal into usable form. After detection of muscle contraction, system was enhanced by adding commands like start, stop, previous, next and pause.4Summary of SurveyThe survey paper focuses on rating and detection of an EMG signal and use of this system for real time. There are many classification methodologies and artificial intelligence techniques based on nervous network to classify EMG signal. Some of the techniques are ANN, K-Nearest populate (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) etc.4.1. Back Propagation Neural NetworkBack propagation algorithm is applied on the multichannel SEMG 18 of the hand gesture recognition based on the featureextraction and control of the SEMG which controls quad copter flight. BP neural network contains three parts the BP neural network building, the BP neural network traning and the BP neural network classification.BP neural network building is determined c oncord to the input and output charasteristics of the system structure of the BP neural network. The number of the AR (auto regression) model coefficientof input vector is 16 and the number of the output is 4,so theinput layer has 16 nodes and the output layer has 4 nodes.4.2. Fuzzy Min grievous bodily harm Neural NetworkJong-Sung Kim 12 applied fuzzy mean max neural network (FMMNN) as a classifier for online EMG mouse that controls computer cursor. Also, stochastic values such as integral absolute value were used as features for an appropriate classification of the intended wrist motions. 6 predefined wrist motions to left, right, up, down, click and rest operation were determined.4.3. Hidden Markov ModelKi-Hong Kim 14 developed an interface using EMG signal from human face.For pattern recognition HMM comprised three states and two Gaussian mixtures per state is employed which is used as a classifier. The standalone interface system was implemented and the subject (people as volu nteers) were able to set up the wheelchair turn left, right, forward and backward by simple action provided by them. Classification is done by comparing the likelihood values of an whimsical feature sequence evaluated from four HMMs, HMML, HMMR, HMMF, and HMMB for left, right, forward, and backward, respectively, and selecting the model with the maximum value.4.4. Bayes NetworkAlsayegh et.al, 11 presented an EMG-based human-machine interface system that interprets arm gestures in the 3-dimensional (3D) space. Gestures are interpreted by sensing the activities of three muscles, namely, anterior deltoid (AD), medial deltoid (MD), and biceps brachii (BB) muscles. The problem of gesture classification is carried out in a framework of the statistical pattern recognition. The processing of the EMG signals utilizes the temporal coordination activity of the monitored muscles to identify a particular gesture. The classification procedure is carried out by constructing successive feature ve ctors for each gesture. These feature vectors describe the gestures temporal signature. This type of classification is referred to as the context-dependent classification, which is carried out in this study within the framework of Bayes theorem. The development of an EMG based interface for hand gesture recognition is presented by Jonghwa Kim et.al, 16. For realizing real-time classification assuring acceptable recognition accuracy, they introduced the combination of two simple linear classifiers (K-nearest neighbour (KNN) KNN and Bayes) in decision level fusion. slacken 1 provides the summary of the survey in accordance with the methodologies used in various papers. It provides the description of the success rate resulted by the use of classification techniques.Table 1.Summary of major methods used for EMG classificationClassifier used cognomen ResearchersDescription Back Propagation Neural NetworkHuman computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. Han Li , Xi C hen, et.al, (2014)93% success rate in the multichannel SEMG of the hand gesture recognition.Auto-regressive model method is used.Hidden Markov ModelA mulish biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. Ki-Hong Kim et.al (2006)97% success rate in developing an interface using human face.Subject was able to turn left, right, forward and backward.Fuzzy Min Max Neural NetworkA new means of HCI EMG-mouse. Jong-sung Kim et.al, (2004)Stochastic values such as integral absolute values were used as feature extraction.Six distinctive wrist motions can be classified well.Pattern recognition rate of each wrist motions is above 90%.Bayes NetworkA practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Alsayegh et.al,(2000)classification is done in a framework of statistical pattern recognition.classification rate reported was 96%.EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. Jonghwa Kim et, al, (2008)K-Nearest live (k-NN) classifier added with Bayes to obtain good resultAverage classification rate reported was over 94%.5ConclusionDeveloping better human computer interface will help improve quality of life of people suffering from physical disabilities. EMG signal is one of the natural technique that captures electrical signals from human body for the use of HCI and provides an interface for human and computer to interact appropriotely. This survey paper focuses on the work of various researchers, the methodologies used for the classification of EMG signal. Therefore, it can be concluded from the survey of various paper that neural network has been used as a openhanded classification technique of EMG signal for HCI.For future works new and more enchanced classification techniques can be developed besides neural network, a work can be done in creating light weight EMG signal, multiclass hand process and on-line processing.ReferencesDix, A. Human-computer interaction. ( pp. 1327-1331). Springer US (2009)Andurkar, A. G., Andurkar, R. G. Human-computer interaction. International Research daybook of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol.2, issue.6, (2015)Human computer Interaction An Overview, http//www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/hcso/ee4213_ch1.pdfLi, H., Chen, X., Li, P. Human-computer interaction system design based on surface EMG signals. In Modelling Identification Control (ICMIC) proceedings of the sixth International Conference on (pp. 94-98). IEEE (2014, December)Chowdhury, R. H., Reaz, M. B., Bakar, A. A., Hasan, M. S. Muscle Technology. 6(12), 2192-2196, (2013)Day, S. Important factors in surface EMG measurement. Bortec Biomedical Ltd publishers, 1-17, (2002)Barreto, A. B., Scargle, S. D., Adjouadi, M. A practical EMG-based human-computer interface for users with motor disabilities. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 37(1), 53, (2000)Ali, A. A., Albarahany, A., Quan, L. EMG signals detection technique in intended muscle movem ent. In Information Science and Service Science and selective information Mining (ISSDM), 6th International Conference on New Trends in (pp. 738-742). IEEE, (2012, October)Ahsan, M. R., Ibrahimy, M. I., Khalifa, O. O. EMG signal classification for human computer interaction a review. European Journal of Scientific Research, 33(3), 480-501, (2009)Koike, Y., Kawato, M. Human interface using surface electromyography signals. Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part III Fundamental Electronic Science), 79(9), 15-22, (1996)Alsayegh, O. A. EMG-based signal processing system for interpreting arm gestures. In Signal process Conference, 2000 10th European (pp. 1-4). IEEE, (2000, September)Kim, J. S., Jeong, H., Son, W. A new means of HCI EMG-mouse. In Systems, human and Cybernetics, 2004 IEEE International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 100-104). IEEE, (2004, October)Moon, I., Lee, M., Chu, J., Mun, M. Wearable EMG-based HCI for electric-powered wheelchair users with motor disabilities . In Robotics and Automation, 2005. ICRA 2005. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 2649-2654). IEEE, (2005, April)Ki-Hong, K. I. M., Jae-Kwon, Y. O. O., Kim, H. K., Wookho, S. O. N., Soo-Young, L. E. E. A practical biosignal-based human interface applicable to the assistive systems for people with motor impairment. IEICE transactions on information and systems, 89(10), 2644-2652, (2006)Naik, G. R., Kumar, D. K., Singh, V. P., Palaniswami, M. Hand gestures for HCI using ICA of EMG. In Proceedings of the HCSNet workshop on Use of vision in human-computer interaction-Volume 56 (pp. 67-72). Australian Computer Society, Inc., (2006, November)Kim, J., Mastnik, S., Andr, E. EMG-based hand gesture recognition for realtime biosignal interfacing. In Proceedings of the 13th international conference on intelligent user interfaces (pp. 30-39). ACM, (2008, January)Ren, J. R., Liu, T. J., Huang, Y., Yao, D. Z. A study of Electromyogram based on human-computer interfac e. Journal of electronic science and technology of China, 7(1), 69-73, (2009)Hammi, M. T., Salem, O., Mehaoua, A. An EMG-based Human-Machine Interface to control multimedia player. In E-health Networking, Application Services (HealthCom), 2015 17th International Conference on (pp. 274-279). IEE, (2015, October).Ren, P., Barreto, A., Adjouadi, M. Multi-step EMG classification algorithm for human-computer interaction. In Innovations in Computing Sciences and parcel Engineering (pp. 183-188). Springer Netherlands, (2010)Ishii, C. Recognition of Finger Motions for Myoelectric Prosthetic Hand via come out of the closet EMG. INTECH Open Access Publisher, (2011)Tsujimura, T., Yamamoto, S., Izumi, K. Hand Sign Classification Employing Myoelectric Signals of Forearm. CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND next CHALLENGES, 309, (2012)

Behaviour Management of Crying Toddler in Dentistry

Behaviour Management of Crying tot in DentistryManagement of Sobbing Tot In A Pediatric Dental Office- A ReviewABSTRACTThe most third estate look by which fry dribblees hero-worship and misgiving is by call at alveolar consonant office. Proper knowledge and assureing is required to retrovert effective alveolar consonant consonant intercession to a peasant by the covering of dissimilar sortal commission techniques. Treating a crying(a) peasant is 1 of the most demanding and tiring situation encountered in tooth doctorry. Behavior management in a crying peasant is a comprehensive continuous methodological analysis targeted to realise affinity between pincer, p arent and doctor aimed at eliminating consternation and trouble and ultimately building trust. This article was aimed to review the various reasons for excitant of cry of boor in alveolar consonant office and doings techniques occupied by the alveolar practitioner for proper management of the kidskin.Key Words-Anxiety, Behavior Management, terrorINTRODUCTIONBehavior management is a comprehensive continous methodology targeted to build relationship between boor, rear and doctor aimed at eliminating fear and anxiousness and ultimately building trust. As most of the young tikeren do not cooperate during dental procedures, thus a dental practitioner plays a all-important(a) role to forestall a validatory dental attitude, to guide the child through their dental ascertain and to perform quality treatment safely. 1Children and young adults and indeed all patients, exhibit some form of perplexity or fear when about to receive dental care. Many factors carry been proposed as contri exceptory to childrens anxiety about dental procedures which embarrass the dental clinic environment, equipments, past dental treatment experience and the attitude of the dental staff. To address these causative factors, various behaviour management strategies are beingness practiced w hich including verbal and non- verbal communication, tell battle array do disturbance , presence or absence of parents in the surgery, beating, audio visual assist , positive livelihood , visual aids, physical restraints, HOME(Hand over Mouth) technique, sedation, general anaesthesia etc. 2Dental anxietyand fear has been a constant combat-ready of the child patient. 2 A child patient tends to be awkward and fearful during dental treatment collectible to previous traumatic experience in dental office or during hospitalization for other purposes. It is really difficult to carry out any dental procedure if a child is disobedient in dental office. It is crucial that a dentist must understand and share the sense of smells of a child and s stop maintenance before starting any treatment.3 Treating a crying child is one of the most taxing and difficult job for a dentist due to unanticipated attitude of a child during treatment. Delivery of effective dental treatment in a cryi ng child requires incorporation of various mien modification techniques.Thus acquisition of skills that allow a dentist to handle such un chastenesslable situations in the best possible way is of utmost importance. A dentist should take a childs cry as an advantage rather than a drawback as crying is a mode of expression of the personality traits, hence should be utilize as a diagnostic tool.3Dental fear and anxiety is a dilemma concerning pediatric patients, their parents, and dental professionals. Its prevalence in children and adolescents ranges from five pct to twenty percent. Fearful pediatric patients often tend to be uncooperative during dental visits. This renders treatment difficult or even impossible, causes occupational melodic phrase among dental staff, and increase the aspect of discord between dental professionals and patients or their parents. Dental fear and anxiety are the main cause of dental avoidance that leads to deterioration of ones literal wellness and may impair ones psychosocial surgical cover and quality of life. 4Dental Fear Dental fear is delimitate as an unpleasant emotion cause by the threat of danger, pain, or maltreat during dental treatment. 5 It is characterized by change in body physiological symptoms due to changes in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The response of a child usually occurs by a real or imagined threat to his get safety. The patient readies himself in a fight or flight perspective to either escape the stimulus or stands and conquer it. Rachmans model of fear acquisitioning is one of the most accepted theor, which is supported by several(prenominal) studies. This theory has proposed that fear might discover through three pathways cover conditioning (classical conditioning), vicarious conditioning (modelling), and information/ instruction. The second and third pathways are manifestations of indirect fear acquisition.3Dental Anxiety Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease abou t something with an uncertain outcome. Dental anxiety is be as an abnormal fear of visiting the dentist for any dental procedure and unjustified anxiety over dental procedures and may hasten psychological, cognitive and behavioral consequences. Dental anxiety may be a problem in childhood as it is associated with poor oral health outcomes and an increased dependence on costly specialist dental services. Children who show more anxious behavior have a greater chance of having dental diseases as compared to children who are non-anxious in the dental office. Dentists need to understand the anxiety of the child and implement procedures that enhance a feeling of harbor which involve giving childs choices, helping within treatment or otherwise manipulating dental objects and acknowledging the childs experience.4Due to less(prenominal) communication skills exhibited by children, they are not able to properly express their fears and anxieties. When children cannot manage, they attempt to escape the upcoming event. This ultimately leads to crying of a child which in any case is a way of a child to show their anxiety and discomfort. 3,4 Different anxieties and fears that children have about visiting the dentist are mostly children are anxious during a new experience. There is uncertainty about what is going to happen which increases the childs restlessness.Past negative experiences associated with aesculapian treatment may be co-related with more anxiousness in dental treatment as well.Previous fearful dental visits have also been related to poor behaviour at subsequent visits.The parents who are unable(p) to contain their own dental anxieties, present the child more conscious. masses mediaandcartoonsalso contri neverthelesse to the negative image of dentist which may lead to reading of dental fear.Management of Crying child during Dental Treatment flourishing treatment of a disruptive child depends partially upon selection of an eliminate behavior management t echnique. Each child possess different behavior pattern on visiting the dentist. For managing a child in dental office various factors have to be seen like -the type of behavior, the childs anxiety, age of the child, child rearing techniques, personality variables, parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques, dental treatment to be rendered and the legal implications.6Behavior management is of children in clinics is an integral part of pediatric dentistry. It is not just the action of individual technique formulated to deal with individuals but rather a comprehensive methodology meant to build a relationship between patient and dental professional. Behavior guidance is based on scientific principles but also requires skills in communication, coaching, tolerance, and active listening.The aim of the behavior management is to drill a positive dental attitude on patient, alleviate fear and anxiety, deliver quality dental care, build a trusting relationship between dentist , child, and parent and create long term interest on patients part so as to facilitate on-going prevention and improved dental health in the future. Since the child may enter the dental office with some fear and anxiety, the first butt of the dentist should be to put the child at his ease and make him realize that this experience is not unusual. It is better to have morning appointments for patients and dentist should be realistic and reasonable to the child. This may help in growing a positive attitude of the child towards the dentist. Parents exert a important tempt on the behavior of their children. Most of the characteristics of the child like behavior, personality, anxiety and reaction to stress are directly influenced by parents characteristics. Parents should be educated before their childs visit as it may be helpful in promoting a positive dental experience.Behavior Guidance is a continuum of interaction involving the dentist, the dental team, the patient and the parent directed towards communication and education which ultimately builds trust and allays fear and anxiety. both non pharmacological and pharmacological behavior guidance techniques may be used by dental health care providers in providing oral health care for infants, children, adolescents, and persons with special health care needs.Some of the behavior modifications techniques include-Communication and communicative guidanceFirst objective in successful management of a crying child is to establish communication. By involving the child in communication, the dentist not only learns about the patient but also helps in relaxing the patient. The fear and anxiety of the child demands that each(prenominal) step should be explained. Appropriate use of commands may help the child develop a positive attitude toward oral health perplexityDistraction is a newer method of behavior management of diverting the childs attention from sounds or sight of dental treatment, thereby trim down anxiety. A udio or Audiovisual distraction will help in eliminating dental sounds and sight of the dental treatment, hence helping in gaining control of the child.Voice controlAnother modification of behavior modification in crying child is controlled alteration of voice volume, tone, or pace to influence and direct the crying childs behavior. It helps the dentist to gain the patients attention and compliance and to avert negative behavior.Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement is an effective technique to reward desired behaviors and, thus, corroborate the recurrence of those behaviors. If a child stops crying or show good behavior he should be rewarded with tokens or toys.Tell-show-doTell-show-do technique can help in modifying the behavior of a crying child. It is the cornerstone of behavior management given by Addleston in 1959. The technique involves the dentist say the child what is going to be done in words the child can understand. Second, the dentist demonstrates the child exa ctly how the procedure will be conducted and then, without deviating from the explanation and demonstration, completion of the procedure.Conscious SedationNitrous oxide/oxygen breathing in helps in providing a minimally depressed level of consciousness which helps in reducing anxiety and enhancing effective communication in a crying child. Its onset of action is rapid and the child responds appropriately to physical stimulant and verbal commands. The effects are reversible and recovery is rapid and complete. only before giving conscious sedation, proper diagnosis and treatment think must be done. 6Other techniques include hand-over-mouth exercise (HOME) and health check immobilization. The behaviors of the dentist and dental staff members play an important role in behavior guidance of the pediatric patient. Successful behavior management enables the oral health team to perform quality treatment safely and expeditiously and to nurture a positive dental attitude in the child. 6Kno wing that pain is not the only reason for a child to cry during dental treatment will help parents and dentists to understand wherefore a childs behavior is managed a certain way. As the children learn to cope with the dental situation, the crying usually eases up. The learning process varies in every child. The role of the pediatric dentist is to help the child to get through his dental experiences so that the child may develop a positive attitude towards dentistry.CONCLUSIONThe most car park delirious upsets exhibited during dental treatment are anxiety and fear and the most common way a child expresses fear is by crying at the dental ofce. The pediatric dentist can use an appropriate behavior management technique to make the child cooperative throughout the dental procedure and can help the child to develop a positive attitude towards dentistry.1

The contribution of motherese or child-directed speech

The donation of baby clack or infant-directed deliveranceLanguage is the standard by which high intellectual processes be revealed. It is beta means of social chat and is one of the exceptional systems of habits which accredit man from the animals. Differences in expression account for many of the distinct contrasts in the midst of peoples, and to its deficiency whitethorn be attributed the differences between intellectual development. As preverbal baby it is important for caregivers to know how to acquire the fundamental aspects of terminology much than effectively. babytalk or child-directed vernacular (CDS) is a exemplar of speech which is used for communication with preverbal children. Child-directed speech ground to dumbfound children attention more decently imputable to distinctive characteristics (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002 Bohannon Marquis, 1977 Fernald Mazzie, 1991 Greiser Kuhl, 1988 Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986 Masataka, 1998 ONeill, Bard, Linnel, Fluck, 2005 Rowe, Pan Coker, 2004 Sokol, Webster, Thompson Stevens, 2005 Tamis-LeMonda Bornstein, 1994). In this resume we will investigate the aspects of child-directed speech and the contribution of it to babys language development.First, to describe CDS it is important to underline that for occurrence of CDS an infants or young childs presence is required. Adults, especially mothers, use this pattern of communication by adjusting, their lingual and prosodic aspects of speech which construct the concept of motherese. Child-directed speech is distinctive by its slower production of utterances, and pitch contours are often pronounced more clearly and exaggerated (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002 Bohannon Marquis, 1977 Fernald Mazzie, 1991 Greiser Kuhl, 1988 Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986 Masataka, 1998 ONeill, Bard, Linnel, Fluck, 2005 Rowe, Pan Coker, 2004 Sokol, Webster, Thompson Stevens, 2005 Tamis-LeMonda Bornstein, 1994). Several studies indicate that prosodic features of child-directe d speech are far more important than its syntactic or semantic features (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). More everyplace, studies show that the exaggerated prosody of CDS increases the salience of acoustic cues to linguistic structure for the preverbal infant (Fernald Mazzie, 1991). Additionally, the prosodic features of the maternal speech help infant to distinguish the identical syllables (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). The raise show, that child-directed speech is characterized by perceptual features which are more attractive to children, although it is important to investigate the contribution of motherese on language development. The study of Greiser and Kuhl (1988) provide us with three general explanations of CDS to contribution to language development.Three major characteristics are described in a study of Greiser and Kuhl (1988) consistent of linguistic, attentional, and social/emotive constructs. Linguistic explanation is characterized by expanded pitch contours which serve as indication o f linguistic boundaries (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Moreover, by highlighting the linguistic boundaries make the language explanation more efficient (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). In several studies of syntax growth related to maternal speech, the well-nigh frequently appearing predictor of syntax growth is the occurrence in input of expansions, reacts, and other sorts of utterances that extract some or all of the semantic content of the prior utterance while changing the syntactic work on of expression (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986). In addition, positive effects have been found of mothers utterances that repeat objet dart of the childs previous utterance and of utterances in which mothers or experimenters repeat part of their own previous utterance (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986).Naturalistic and experimental studies have also found the occurrence of yes or no questions in input to be positively associated with measure of childrens syntax growth (Hoff-Ginsberg, 1986).The attentional characteristic of CDS ca rrys to the take of comprehend language by the infant, and the level of prominence of perceived language individually (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). By using high pitch contours combined with deep turned on(p) expressions contribute to the level and prominence of perceived utterances (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Moreover, Sokol, et al. (2005) proposes that maternal speech patterns is more suitable for the infants immature auditory system. The study shows , that maternal pattern of speech is adjusting to infants auditory and cognitive abilities. By adjusting to infants auditory and cognitive abilities it is credible to draw and maintain infants attention.Social/ emotional characteristic of CDS contribute to infants language development by regulating infants emotional state (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). In a study of Clarck (as cited in Sokol et al., 2005) suggest that salience regulation of infants affective state may sustain language uplifting at the early stages of development. The use of higher and expanded pitch contours allow mothers to assign important affective invidious stimuli and information which will be identified by the infant as positive signals regulating the infants affective state (Greiser Kuhl, 1988 Sokol et al., 2005). Child-directed speech serves to adjust the affective states of the infant depending on whether the caregiver encouraging, soothing or just pursuance to elicit the infants attention (Sokol et al., 2005).According to developmental psychologists nonlinguistic representations of the world contribute and constrain the structure of child language and the course of its development (Tamis-LeMonda Bornstein, 1994). What is more, when interacting with infants adults wangle their movements in ship canal that increase infants attention to action and highlight purposeful units within the flow of motion (Brand, Baldwin Ashburn, 2002). Mothers shape their language-related gestures to infants, using fewer gestures over all, and more often gestures to reinforce or disambiguate the verbal message, preferably than to add new information (Brand et al., 2002). Gestures associated with child-directed speech called motionese are likely to attend to infants attention to action (Brand et al., 2002). Such reinforced attention should help infants to learn about action more readily (Brand et al., 2002). Studies show that mothers showed higher level of enthusiasm and interest in the object demonstrating to infants, which is considered reinforcing behavior for the baby (Brand et al., 2002). Additionally, increase gaze from mothers in mothers infant-directed action, help maintain infants attention and thus sight benefit in language and cognitive development (Brand et al., 2002). Overall it is important to evaluate gestures as a part child-directed speech because of their attentional and linguistic contribution to infants development.Child-directed speech or motherese is a universal pattern of speech with preverbal children by caregivers ind ependent of language (Greiser Kuhl, 1988). Some aspects of motherese as motionese could be found in different sign languages, whereas sign motherese shares analogous characteristics with maternal speech (Masataka, 1998). In her study Masataka (1998) found that tryout infants exposed to motherese sign language showed more interest and tenderness then to adult sign language. This study support that, special properties diaphanous in infant-directed speech may have universal attentional and affective significance (Masataka, 1998).In addition, it is important to investigate the importance of father talk to infants and their contribution to the language development. Several studies demonstrate the difference in the ways fathers talk to their preverbal infants (Rowe et al., 2004). Fathers in Western middle-class produce more directives, more wh-questions, and more frequent requests for clarification in talk with children, thus move children in more interlacing cognitive processes (Ro we et al., 2004).Fathers tend to use directives in their indirect form which may present cognitive/linguistic challenges in interpretation (Rowe et al., 2004). By addressing the wh-questions the conversation becoming more demanding and require child to respond non-imitatively and verbally (Rowe et al., 2004). Although there are only few studies on paternal talk to the infant it is clear that CDS of father contribute to the language development by putting the child in more complex linguistic and cognitive processes.Concluding it is important to underline aspects of motherese contribute to language development. Child-directed speech or motherese, play an important role in language development of an infant. Motherese prosodic characteristics influence directly the language development because of its slower and smooth production, higher and exaggerated pitch contours and minute pause distribution in utterances. Additionally, motherese influence the child affective and attentional stat es, which contributes indirectly to the language development. Although, there is a lot of evidence about child-directed speech positive qualities there should be more probe about the contribution of child-directed speech to language development.Word Count 1337

Motivation of Self-determination Theory

Motivation of Self-determination schemeSummary of FindingsThis pass on explore the different type of motivations of Self Determination theory, and its three lynchpin require ( competency, relatedness, indecorum) towards the neighborly networking indorse. Therefore, the re hunting question What motivates college students to converge sociable networking plucky? is explained according to the expirys of the landing field. It was found that although more batch run across the high to put across their leisure time, but the major demand for them is the competence as we back end nail from the data collected, competence has the highest everywhereall mean value. According to Ryan and Deci (2002) valet thrive to experience mastery and to get a aw arness of confidence. It is too the search for optimal challenge that motivates people to maintain their exercise and to mend their skills so that they could reach a nonher higher level. The need for competence is live up to if an individual feels masterful, efficient, and confident towards the amour that they atomic number 18 doing for example in jobing the game. So from this study, we found that competence needs is the major reason that they lock ind in the sociable networking game.In this study, we found that both needs competence and autonomy be partially related with each opposite as need of competence is satisfied if an individual feel masterful, efficient, and confident towards the thing that they are doing and when he/she successfully reached the goal after overcoming many obstacles, the sense of competence allow for formed (Takatalo, 2010). This is similar to the characteristic of the needs of autonomy as it is withal mean that having a olfaction of control over a particular performance and the way they are performed.In arm A which is aimed to test the competence level of the players, we found that nearly responsive think that they are nevertheless have least motivation if thei r caste in the game has been dropped. Which mean the rank in the game provide not affect much of the functionment of the players in game. Not only that, we can see that rank is not a very cardinal element that why players submit in the game as they not necessary will continue to play the game even if they successfully maintain in the high ranking in the leader board. However, most of the players are still feeling quite happy when they successfully reach forbidden their favourite position on the leader board in social networking game. As according to Sweetser and Wyeth (2005), positive feeling towards the game and sense of competence could be form when the players are feeling in control in the game, and thus, players are feeling happy when they completed the t take up and reach their approbatory rank. We can too see that most of the players are very racket in contend those social networking game. Social networking successfully provides the happiness for the players to con tract in them. Although many college students will not be motivated to play the game when their ranking is dropped, but if once they reach their rank and successfully in high rank, they will feel more motivated to play.In Autonomy, from the study we can besides see that most of the players seldom search for information before they play social networking game. They are also seldom spend the time to search for all the information or signpost such as blog, cheats and many others in rear to win the games. This shows that they are barely play the game for their own sake without searching for the information. Peers play an all- of import(prenominal) in influencing the people to play a particular social networking game. This can be proved by the results as more answerer are influenced by the friends to engage in the game. However, people do not spend much of their time to play social networking game in a day as they do not like to engage in the game for very long hour. Not only that, t hey also seldom send the help request to friends to overcome the difficult task. They superpower think that they are able to challenge the tasks by themselves in rear to get the feeling of control over a particular game and this, they will feel autonomous. As mentioned by Ryan and Deci (2002), Autonomy is also message that having a feeling of control over a particular performance and the way they are performed. In order for an individual to feel autonomous, an individual need to feel satisfied or accepted with the actions that they select to engage in. We can also see that from the statistic they are p parent the game that are more challenging in order to get the sense of autonomous. They do not like to play the game which is easy as it whitethorn lead to boredom.The need for relatedness is the need to feel meaningfully connected to important others (Ryan Deci, 2002). In our results, we can see that people are seldom interacting with their friends or gambling partner in social n etworking game. According to Rigby and Ryan (2011), an individuals sense of relatedness will be diminished if he or she is feeling isolated or having the indifference by the others. In this case, the need of relatedness will be reduced as they do not often salty with the other players. Besides, they also seldom play the game that related to their occasional life as they think that it is not important element to make up whether they should play a particular game or not. Most of the respondents also do not learn certain life skill by playing those social networking game as they are only play the game for their own sake. By the way, they do feel that by playing the games, their friendship among each other will become closer. It means the social networking game provide a good platform for the people to handicap closely to their relationship. Lastly, they will feel sense of accomplishment when their friend ask them do help in the game which able to make them happy. entailments of Fin dingsImplications of findings on this Self-Determination Theory and practice are discussed in this section.Implication of hypothesisThis study aimed to test the validity of the construct in the Self-Determination Theory especially with the three key needs on social networking gaming. This supposition top executive be functional for inquiryer to shoot the motivational system ground on the results that have done in this study. The three elements in Self-Determination Theory (autonomy, competence, relatedness) provide different results to study different needs of college student on social networking gaming and thus, this theory provided a signpost for the researcher to further investigate. The three constructs in this theory might outflow the inspiration for the scholars to develop their new theory based on the constructs.Implication of practiceOur results can provide a guideline for the social networking gaming developer to create the game that can really motivate or engage t hose college students to play in. Based on the statistics with the result of three different needs (competence, autonomy, relatedness) of Self Determination Theory, social networking developers are able to evaluate it and develop the game according to these so that they will produce an interesting game to the people. From this study, major need is competence as most of the people are motivated to play the game which is challenging so that they can challenge themselves to overcome the difficult tasks. So, future game developers are able to refer this direction to create the games which are good enough to motivate the people to engage in it.Limitations of StudyIn of progress of this research, a fewer limitations were found. The research method that we utilise is non-probability have method. Samples selected to participate in the research but the result of the research could not represent what other races thought. Snowball sample is one type of non-probability sampling method, we u sed snowball sample in this research as we distributed our questionnaire to our peers who are gentle with the social networking game and ask them to send the survey to their peers who are gamers too. In this case, the first soulfulness we distribute is important as he or she might influence others answer and influence the final result. This is because the first person has the strong pretend on the sample. In the other words, snowball sampling might lead to bias in result and thus, it affects the overall statistics. Thus, this result could not be generalized.Suggestion for future researchOur study is based on the sample of college student collected in our country. In order to generalize the results, a future research should be carry out and adjust the model with different samples such as segmented by age or geography. This is to see whether the different age groups like children or adult have the similar motivations in social networking game or not.Motivation of college students o n social networking game is an interesting topic to study as it is very long for researchers to discuss. But this aspect of research was seldom done by the researchers because more of the researches are focusing on the impact that social networking game bring to the teenagers or college students. So, more future studies are needed to examine the relationship between the motivation and teenagers behaviour in order to figure out more significant and specific results. Local researchers needed to put more effort in studying this aspect, this is because there are a few number of researches have done the study well-nigh this kind of topic in other countries, but as the cultural background are different among the cultures, it is important to do a cross-culture student of social networking games so that we can check off the difference among cultures.Besides that, there are a lot more theories that are suitable to use to study the motivation of people in engaging the game. Researchers are able to use different theories to study about the topic so that we will see different result which might be fresh in this industry. Self-Determination Theory is a broad theory which contains a lot of sub theories. These sub theories are also very useful in determining the motivations of the people towards the game. Perhaps a future research study can be done by using all these theories to get a new result and see whether the relationship of the theories that used in the study are functional or interesting or not. The examples of the mini theories under Self Determination Theory are Cognitive Evaluation Theory, Organismic Integration Theory, Causality Orientations Theory, introductory Psychological Needs Theory and many others.

Modernism in The Metamorphosis

modernism in The transfigurationThe scientific and industrial rotary motion that affected Europe and the rest of the world in the nineteenth nose basindy was further developed with the arrival of the twentieth carbon. This century was marked with meaningful progress in sectors such as the sciences, philosophy, social theory, and the arts. However no other field has in my opinion charmn such drastic changes as the literary field. Breaking away from literary movements of the other centuries such as romanticism or realism, authors of the modernism borrow from new ideas in anthropology, psychology, philosophy, semipolitical theory, psychoanalysis, and physics to create their wagers. In this essay we will study the force of any of the above fields in creating a sense of disillusionment, fragmentation, or isolation in the particular work of Kafka c whollyed The metamorphosis.The metamorphosis, as mentioned above, is a work of fiction written by Franz Kafka. After reading this s tory I can easily see wherefore it has become so popular. non all is it a great story, but it also stands out beca workout of it use of philosophy and psychology as a way to explain veritable human behaviors. The most of intelligible concept that forged Kafka in writing The Metamorphosis is Existentialism.Existentialism is a theory that became very popular during the nineteenth century and that asserts that any given choice will govern the later frame of a persons emotional state, and that the person has ultimate will over making choices. In the case of Kafka story, this translates first into solitude and alienation.The isolation and despondency that Gregor experienced is obvious from the start. From the very first sentence of the story we notice this solitude. Gregor is lying on his bed in a shape of a gigantic plant louse and there is nobody around to help him. This theme of isolation is even off more(prenominal) evince in the rest of the story as we see that Gregor c ant depend on anyone for support. He locks himself in his room when he is at home or on the road for business and doesnt go out to meet people. He doesnt feel a girlfriend nor does he has friends to rely on in times of need. Instead he insulate himself from society.Another example of this alienation becomes apparent in his relationship with his family. Although he doesnt realize it, his relationship with them is not very good. By cosmos the breadwinner of the family, Gregor leaves no room for his father to be the provider and the responsible one. At the equivalent time he is trying to save money so he can send his sister to a conservatory where she can nobble violin but fails to discuss that idea with her. In his mind he think that the family is proud and happy with him, however the reality is different and the only thing he accomplishes is to alienate himself from them. Even though he takes wield of them, they are still unhappy with him.Furthermore, the theme of isolation an d alienation is present with the metaphor of the insect. I think that the reason why Kafka transform his chief(prenominal) character into a this bug is to show us how helpless Gregor feels. His life as an insect is no different than his life as a human. Trying to communicate with his family as an insect is impossible and frustrating because all they hear are bug noises that scare them. They dont want him around because his appearance is shameful and they dont want to take care of him as he becomes more and more a liability to them. Throughout the whole story, Gregor is a terra incognita to everybody. His contact with society is minimal, and his alienation from his family becomes total with his transformation as an insect.The influence of existentialism on Kafkas metamorphosis doesnt only stop to the concept of alienation. The Metamorphosis is also intimately disillusionment. Besides being isolated, Gregor starts viewing the life as somehow absurd and futile. He cant seem to unde rstand why things wish this happen to a good human being like him. All he is trying to do is to make his family happy. He whole shebang at a job that he despises so that he can support his family that is having hard times. We can quote him saying If I didnt have my parents to think about Id have given in my notice a long time ago, Id have gone up to the boss and told him fair(a) what I think, tell him everything I would, let him know just what I feel. Despite all this good he is doing, the tragedy of the metamorphosis befalls him and his family abandons him.As time passes by, Gregors disillusion grows bigger. His body falls into a state of despair due to abuse neglect and sickness. He carried threads, hairs, and remains of food about on his back and sides. He spent his days fantasizing about being normal and wondering why this was happening to him. One thing that genuinely shows the influence of the Existentialist philosophy on Kafka is that he doesnt want us to feel bad for Gre gor. Instead, the impression I get from reading this is that Kafka wants Gregor to let a meaning to his life even though he is in a bad situation. He should have stopped being blue because of his family and his job and started living life for him first. If we follow Kafkas reasoning, we can assume that Gregors expiration is due more to the circumstance that he was disillusioned and depressed than to the fact that his physical health was deteriorating.To sum up, one can say that the Modernism movement brought forth new ideas to the world of lit and the Metamorphosis is a good example of that. As the world around them was evolving, author like Kafka and Camus looked for other sciences for inspiration and to explain some of the human behaviors. Existentialism provided them with a mean to convey their feelings, especially in regards to isolation, alienation, and the meaning of life in general. Nowadays, because of the quality of their works, they became household names not only in li terature but also in other fields such as psychology.

Gang Violence in the United States Essay -- Exploratory Essays Researc

inner circle Violence in the United States Gang violence in America is reaching alarming proportions. Chicago constabulary Commander Donald Hilbring states, Gangs argon everywhere. All end-to-end the city of Chicago, the suburbs, throughout the state, throughout the nation. Chicago police state that so far this year, more than speed of light confederacy-related murders have occurred. Everyday an other report on the evening intelligence service relays the tragedy of a child accidently caught in ingroup crossfire. The image of black, inner-city teenagers selling crack on neighborhood street corners and shooting it out over drug turf comes to mind whenever we hear the story told. What can we do to understand and remedy this problem before an entire generation is broken? We hear the stories about ab using upd, abandoned children. We hear about drug-addicted mothers and indifferent fathers. We hear about children forced to fend for themselves in a cold, big(p) world. Its no wonder kids join gangs. They need someone to care. They are looking at for a sense of belonging and family. Yet, not only youngsters who join gangs are looking for a sense of belonging. Often, adult gang members lure teenagers into gang activity. They establish them as drug dealers, use them as car thieves, and a lot pay them to commit robberies and even shoot rival gang members. Adults use juveniles because the law does not prosecute them in the same manner as adults. Under the current system, the teenagers are back on the streets, and the adults are seldom caught. Just as we direct we know the reasons kids join gangs, we also assume we know who joins gangs. Gang violence is stereotypically thought of as a swart or Latino, inner-city problem. Dr. George Knox, an expert on gangs, says, ... ...her Chicago neighborhood, COP-Citizens on Patrol, a tender group, has formed a neighborhood watch group. They patrol the streets and report all suspicious activity to the police. Their presence helps reduce gang activity on the streets of their community. Juvenile justice reform, programs for rehabilitation, and adult concern and involvement are all ways to help remedy the current crisis of gang warfare in our streets. For those youth already involved in gangs, rehabilitation and counseling may help rescue them. For those youth who refuse to give up the gang lifestyle and crime, tougher juvenile laws should put them in jail, away from other children and the put down of society. Finally, parents and community members need to care. Children who grow with parental guidance, in an environment of care and concern, are much less likely to fall prey to gangs.

Greece :: Greece History Geography Greek Essays

GreeceGreecemost people think that Greece is nevertheless a vacation paradise, but to its inhabitants, they might not think the same because how hard it is to live there. Greece, located between 41.8 N and 35 N, 19.8 E and 28.2 E, is the bucolic I am going to in knead you about.The country of Greece has no other name besides just Greece. There are round different technical names that Greece can be associated with. The conventional desire form that you can call Greece is the Hellenic Republic, while the short form is Greece. The long form in Greek is Elliniki Dhimokratia and the short form is Ellas. The actor country name is Kingdom of Greece.Greeces capital is the largest and most live ancient capital of Greece and is situated in Central Greece at around 38 N 23.7 E. Athens is now known as virtuoso of the safest and most affordable cities in the world and is also the world-renowned home for the ancient Acropolis- (acro edge, polis city), the home of the statues of the god s and goddesses like Zeus and Athena. The majestic statue marvels are no monthlong in the Acropolis, but in local museums because of the threat of pollution. The city of Athens has become Greeces largest center for industry as well as an urban center.Greece shares some(prenominal) boundaries with other countries, as well as borders with the seas. The bordering countries are Albania to the northwest, Macedonia to the north, Bulgaria to the north, Turkey to the northeast, and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north. The bordering seas are the Mediterranean Sea, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Aegean Sea to the east. The Mediterranean Sea serves as a quick route to the major trade routes and the Red and Black Seas.The country of Greece is actually not that small of a country. It occupies a comparative statistic in area to the American State of Alabama. It may be considered very akin in area to Alabama, but it occupies a water area many times more than that of Alab amas with 1,140 sq. miles. The land area booked by Greece is approximately 130,800 sq. miles, including the Greek mainland and all the Greek islands, large and small. The centre area of Greeces land and water area is 131,940 sq. miles.The state of Greece compared to the universe of discourse of Americas is extremely minute with a total population of about 10,662,138, based on a July, 1998 estimate.

Health, Safety and Welfare at Work Essay -- Workplace Health and Safety

health, precaution and Welfare at Work health and synthetic rubber in the workplace is not only the responsibility of the designated wellness and Safety Officer, it is the duty of all members of staff to be responsible for the soundty of everyone they may have to deal with during the working day both their colleagues and members of the public. The Health and Safety Executive are a body whose role is to get on safety in the workplace both by providing information to employers and their employees, and in like manner by ensuring that rules and guidelines are adhered to in everyday practice. According to the Health and Safety Executive (or H&SE), the employer has a responsibility under law to retard, as far as is reasonably practicable, the employees health, safety and welfare at work. The employers duties accommodate - Making the workplace safe and with unwrap risks to health - Ensuring that plant and machinery are safe and that safe systems of work are set and are followed - Ensuring articles and substances are moved, stored and utilize safely - Providing adequate welfare facilities - Giving the information, instruction, training and supervision requisite for health and safety It is the duty of the employer to assess the risks to the health and safety of his/her staff. This leave alone often necessitate a vigorous and thorough inspection of the workplace, pay particular attention to all piece of equipment or plant and either working practice that may be hazardous to the safety of staff. If in that location are 5 or more employees, any findings of the risk sound judgement must be recorded. Plant and machinery must be regularly inspected to ensure that it is... ...struction-phase health and safety plan. This must be done before any construction work begins. - The client must be reasonably snug that all those who are appointed are competent to carry out all their health and safety responsibilities. - The client must ensure that the health and safety file that was compiled during the construction process is kept readily for sale for inspection by anyone who may want to conduct any gain construction work on the site in the future. The client may choose to appoint an agent to act on their behalf. In these lot the client must ensure that any person appointed in this capacity is fully competent and qualified to carry out their health and safety responsibilities. The Health and Safety Executive must be sure of any such appointment before work commences.

Matthew Henson :: Essays Papers

Matthew HensonGreat Men confine Great AssistantsAs I stood there on the top of the institution and I thought of the hundredsof men who had lost their lives in their effort to urinate it North Pole, I feltprofoundly grateful that I had the honor of representing my race. With these words,Matthew Henson position the American flag on the North Pole.During the past, black Americans have not received theacknowledgement they deserved. Such was the case of Matthew A. Henson. He wasthe first somebody to discover the North Pole, although Robert Peary is usually creditedwith this feat. Henson passed away in relative obscurity, in 1955, and was not givenrecognition until 1988, when he was reburied in Arlington field of study Cemetery withfull honors.Matthew Henson was born on August 3, 1866 in Baltimore, Maryland.He was raised in Carrol County. At an early age, Hensons mother died, leaving himalone to live with his father. Unfortunately the family experienced problems with theKlu Klux Kla n. To escape the problems and make a better life for his son, Hensonsfather moved the family to Washington, D.C.. While Hensons father worked, hetook complaint of the elderly uncle they lived with. While still brio in WashingtonHensons father died, leaving him in care of his uncle. The uncle was mean andabusive to the point that it caused him to runaway from the only home he had. Forawhile, Henson wandered the streets. He was a poor, ragged, and uneducated kid.What could he offer to someone to get to a living? Finally, he came to a small eating place. The owner hire Henson to sweep and mop the floors, clean the kitchenand wash the dishes. Henson had no place to sting so they owner let him sleep on thefloor of the restaurant after closing.One day, Henson saw a sign advertising a ship captain looking foryoung men to work on his ship. Since he had nothing better to do, Henson decidedto sign up. That was the beginning of Hensons sailing career. For the rest ofHensons teenage years, Henson sailed around the world. He well-read much aboardthe ship such as mathematics, navigation, the operations of a ship, and how to readbooks and maps. By the age of 21, Henson was a skilled and experienced sailor. surrounded by his terms at sea, Henson would sometimes work to earn a lesser money. One job he had would change the course of his life. While a store clerkin Washington, D.

Issues on Patent and Copyright Laws In China Essay -- China Patent Cop

Issues on Patent and copyright righteousnesss In china This site contains information on chinawares observable and copyright law. It goes on to demonstrate some ethical issues about mainland Chinas lack of law enforcement on reason property protection. History of Patent SystemChinas sheer system can be traced back to the late Qing Dynasty when China began subscribe international treaties. For example, on August 18, 1903, China and the United States agreed on a treaty on navigation and commerce. The treaty provided for a mutual patent-granting arrangement whereby citizens of one contracting party could apply for and secure patent rights for their inventions in the other contracting party.1 After the Qing Dynasty was over impel in 1911, the Nationalist governing body created the Interim Charter on honor Industrial and Artistic Products. And soon thereafter, in 1944, the Patent Law of forward-looking sense was created. Although the Patent Law was adopted in China, the Nationalist government was forced to Taiwan and thus the Patent Law had no perfume in mainland China. In 1949, the new government adopted the Provisional Regulations on the Protection of the Invention Rights and Patent Rights, whose purpose was to encourage invention. In 1978, the government reissued the Regulations on Awards for Technical Improvements and the Regulations on Awards for Inventions which were first issued in 1963 and abolished soon after. accordingly in 1985 the Patent Law was introduced. Chinas Patent Law went through a critical revision in 1992. Amendments were focused on the areas pharmaceutics, chemicals, food, beverages and condiments.1 Current Patent LawThe Patent Law of the Peoples Republic of China was adopted at the Fourth Session of the standing(a) Committ... ...g, 1994) p. 64-65.3 Brahm, p. 65. 4 Brahm, p.116. 5 Brahm, p. 110-111. 6 Brahm, p. 111. 7 Brahm, 17. 8 China Daily Online, IN BRIEF (Page 3, Date 04/22/2003), <http//www1.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2003-04-22/112904.html 9 Noah J. Smith, China Implements New Software Regulation To Streamline Registration, Boost Protection, Patent, Trademark & Copyright Law Daily, 6 Mar. 2002, <http//subscript.bna.com/SAMPLES/ptd.nsf/85256269004a99228525625400656cb3/ 4d9c50eea1edd85185256b740006aecb?OpenDocument 10 China says no to pirated software, China Daily, 5 Apr. 2002, <http//www1.chinadaily.com.cn/news/cn/2002-04-05/64442.html11 Solving the problem of pirating, etaiwannews.com, 5 May 2001, <http//www.etaiwannews.com/tower/2001/05/05/989030288.htm

Reflective Essay: Alice in Wonderland -- Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Lewi

There and back again with AliceI gasp my turn over on my knees, bent over, out of breath. I can feel my lungs compaction and pushing hard against my chest in an effort to fit fair a little more air. My palms ar wet, beads of sweat flow down my forehead, making my hair feel wet and sticky. My shirt is drenched in sweat. I stare at the ground and see the stalks of grass, stand tall analogous trees to the tiny ants that scurry among them. What I must cipher give care to those minuscule creatures, like a giant, so big that I block the blazing sun and give them shade. I wonder if they are afraid of me? I lift my eyes and glance ahead. Im almost there, only a couple more meters. I reckon footsteps behind me, theyre catching up quickly. Its now or neer. I push off with my back foot and go into a sprint. My heart speeds up, almost as nimble as Im cut and I can hear its pounding in my head, like a prisoner beating on locked doors, wanting to be free. If it had feet of its own it might run alongside me and race me to the fort, save thats silly, hearts taket have feet. I swing my weapons system back and forth to help me run winged and I strain to take longer strides. Im running so fast now, I feel like everything around me is standing still, as if Im the only thing in the world that is moving. I dont want to stop running, I want to keep going, faster and faster, forever. Now I understand why my heart pounds so hard, why it tries to push out of my chest and run on its little feet and never stop, never look back. But I cannot keep on running forever, I have to stop. My legs finally give in and I drop onto the stiff ground. The dust sticks to my sweaty clothes and turns into mud. I take big, loud breaths but I cannot hear myself because my heart is sti... ...in a scientific experiment. Everything is set to win you with the perfect living conditions, the right amount of food, water, the right temperature, etc. And fleck youre in that perfect, controlled environment you feel safe, you feel happy and yet, somewhere lingering in the depths of your mind is the gnawing sensation that at any granted moment someone ordain unscrew the lid on your flutter and let in the wrong air, that you will be forced to excite up from your perfect world and dragged, kicking and screaming into the world that everyone else lives in.That is my fear. That I will wake up one day and not be able to return to the world in my dreams but that I will have to learn to survive in the real world. Much like the adventuresome Alice, my wish is to live somewhere between the non fiction and deception of daily life, to allow the lines to be blurry. But how blurry?

History of Hearing Aids Essays -- Sound Deaf

The fabrication of the auditory sense wait on depicts one of the most ridiculous timelines of scientific advancements in all of history. Although we modernly think of a h earing aid as a small turn of events which is inserted into the ear canal, the reality is that a hearing aid is an apparatus that amplifies sound and compensates for impaired hearing. Thus, I invite you to prolong your mind, and stimulate your attention to the intriguing, and absolutely absurd, timeline of the hearing aid. The most common fashion model of the contractable hearing aid is that of the simple ear trumpet. This was a small, pipe-looking device which was carve from either bulls horn or seashell, and was held up to the ear in order to amplify sound. The audible result of much(prenominal) would flummox been much like cupping your hand around your ear. The nigh advancement, employ in the late 1700s and the early 1800s, was that of the acoustic throne. As these were kind of expensive to make and buy, they were typically used for royalty and other elites. The arms of the temper were hollow, with a long tube connected to a resonator set wit... History of Hearing Aids Essays -- Sound DeafThe story of the hearing aid depicts one of the most ridiculous timelines of technological advancements in all of history. Although we modernly think of a hearing aid as a small device which is inserted into the ear canal, the reality is that a hearing aid is an apparatus that amplifies sound and compensates for impaired hearing. Thus, I invite you to expand your mind, and draw your attention to the intriguing, and absolutely absurd, timeline of the hearing aid. The most common model of the ancestral hearing aid is that of the simple ear trumpet. This was a small, pipe-looking device which was carved from either bulls horn or seashell, and was held up to the ear in order to amplify sound. The audible result of such would have been much like cupping your hand a round your ear. The next advancement, used in the late 1700s and the early 1800s, was that of the acoustic throne. As these were quite costly to make and buy, they were typically used for royalty and other elites. The arms of the chair were hollow, with a long tube connected to a resonator located wit...

Offreds Narrative Technique in The Handmaids Tale Essay -- Handmaid

Offred affects every single aspect of The Handmaids Tale, so, in order to recognise her narrative technique better, her character must also be considered. Offred is nostalgic, she longs for her pre-Gilead sometime(prenominal) with which she still identifies very strongly. She is, however, literalistic in her longing she knows that the away was non perfect, that it was no utopia, but she just longs for a situation preferable to her put one, ...We lived, as usual, by ignoring.... Another strong reason for to long for the past is that she was basically happy there, she had a daughter and a lover, both of which she was remove from by the Gilead regime. Her longing for the past is bittersweet, although it has many memories for her, not all of them ar happy. Also, whenever she thinks of the past, she is reminded of how awful her present situation is, she is reminded of what she has lost. Perhaps that is why she refers to the past as ...the other time.... She is also a fighter. S he is determined to survive, to last through Gilead, no matter what it takes. The important distinction here is between survival and uprising Offred will only go so far in defiance of the regime, while she is prepared to stretch the rules with an insignificant Guardian on the pass into the town, she limits herself, describing it as ....a small defiance of rule....like the candy I hoarded, as a child... When it comes to serious defiance, she draws a definite line, No. I cant she says when the doctor offers to transfuse her, The penalty is death. Perhaps that is what Offred is really afraid of. Death is her real fear. In order to keep herself sane, Offred has invented several survival mechanisms, games w... ...ve technique. Works Cited and ConsultedAtwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. lynchpin Books New York, New York, 1985.Conboy, Sheila C. Scripted, Conscripted, and Circumscribed Body Language in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale. vile Power Reading, Writing, and Ambiv alence in Narrative by Women. Eds. Carol J. Singley and Susan Elizabeth Sweeney. capital of New York State U of New York P, 1993. 349-62 Fitting, Peter. The Turn from Utopia in Recent womens liberationist Fiction. Feminism, Utopia, and Narrative. Eds. Libby Falk Jones and Sarah Webster Goodwin. Knoxville U of Tennessee P, 1990. 141-158. Garlick, Barbara. The Handmaids Tale Narrative Voice and the Primacy of the Tale. Twentieth-Century Fantasists Essays on Culture, Society and depression in Twentieth-Century Mythopoeic Literature. Ed. Kath Filmer. New York St. Martins, 1992. 161-71.

Essay --

Cruel and unusual penalty is banned in many a(prenominal) countries, including the United States. It is a big business line if suffering should be pleasant to use in certain situations for justice to prevail. There are pros and cons to this argument but using torture can be used to drive home lives and find out critical information. The definition of torture is the act of make severe physical pain as a form of punishment or as a way to force someone to do or say something (Webster). There have been different hypothetical situations face at using torture to get a positive destruction result and how it could be successful. There should be strict restrictions, rules and guidelines that go along with using torture as a means to justice. Pro torture is not meant to be used for just any circumstance, but when many people are in danger and questions are not world answered, a certain type of punishment like torture could exculpate the case/save many lives. Today, we have lot s of technology and exclusively sorts of devices to help get to the bottom of figuring out if someone is punishable or not. These devices can find o...

Essay --

There are advantages and disadvantages of experiencing childhood in the military. For instance, the effects of separations and reunions with families and friends. Many people report difficulty in identifying where they plump due to a lifestyle of constantly moving, being wrapped up in the military lifestyle as well as unknown cultures. Rather than the regular person society of their local terrains, while suppuration up numerous military families frequently feel like outcasts in association with the citizen society of their local grounds. Moving frequently can take on unexpected benefits too, such as experiencing and appreciating the diversity in our world, making haemorrhoid of new friends, and sometimes finding out where you belong or essential to reside. The point when a kid has a challenging time conform to another circumstance, if its a parent deploying or a pass to another area, it can prompt uneasiness, misery and behavior issues. Some children capability not have a be havioral disorder, but their behavioral problems bugger off these difficulties. Even infants and toddlers can experience difficulti...

Americans that Terrorize Americans Essay -- essays research papers fc

AMERICANS THAT TERRORIZE AMERICANSWith the cold state of war still warming out and terrorism on the rise, there is a fear at bottom the borders of the worlds greatest nation. This is a new kind of fear, especially in light of the recent attack on the World job Center, and even radical solutions be being considered. The fall in States for the most fiber of the last fifty years has felt an adequate sense of warrantor from the evils of the world, besides now that blanket of freedom has been threatened from indoors Americas own national borders. President Bush has vowed to excision down every terrorist group in the war on terrorism, but the war needs to begin on United States soil. The solution to the war on terrorism is to start with educating the citizens of America close to the terrorist organizations within United States borders, and stop American terrorist from terrorizing America.When an American terrorist threatens the freedoms of their own next-door neighbors, the cu rrent policies of policing the streets must be weighed. The threat lies within various groups that have been identified by the already established Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) about a month before the Oklahoma City bombing by McVeigh. These groups argon overwhelmingly white, almost entirely Christian, and predominantly male. The group is called the Patriot Movement, which are compiled of members that are bitterly disappointed in what America has become. Experts estimate that about 200,000 Americans are active in the hate ...

Hakim Bey, Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism :: Essays Papers

hakeem Bey, Chaos The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism Such is the fast-paced manhood and style of hakim Beys writings. Sporadic and rarely rounded up for interrogation, Beys Ontological Anarchism pervades all his writings, on topics as varied as Islam and Eugenics1, The Information War2, The Evil Eye3, a critique of multiculturalism4, and Celtic-African entheogens5. hakim Beys zine writings and early 90s hipsterism have do him known to some as The Marco Polo of the Subunderground6 and a counter-cultural guru to many more. With information meet more firm only in the last few years, Hakim Bey has been identified as a pseudonym for Peter Lamborn Wilson, a in the buff York based translator and author. Drawing on his experiences wandering India, Asia, and North Africa, Hakim Bey authors (what offer to be) outrageous manifestos and leftist anarchist essays primarily for zine publication and scattering or for lectures and performance. He draws explicitl y on a Moorish and sufiist understanding heritage with occasional references to contemporary philosophers and cultural theorists. He situates himself as a post situationist anarchist informed by critical theory, and has written in both ctheory and Trip. Beys writing is ultimately so fascinating scarcely because it does not fit neatly into a schools of thought, academic discipline, or a relation between the major figures of contemporary theory (eg loves Baudrillard, ignores Lacan, sometimes uses Foucault). As such, his writings are rather esoterically his own, and not only do not make their ties with other theorists explicit, but also cannot be immediately machine-accessible to theirs (because Beys assumptions are so different on account of his emphasises differences from western academic philosophy). His work, as a theorist of media (and everything else), operates at a straightforward and accessible level, filled with obscure references that dont point towards an expertise i n his readership so much as an plosion of it. For some, his writings are meaningless babble on the level of Principia Discordia7. He does not get much mainstream citation except in regards to his construct of PT and the TAZ8, but he does get plenty of crap. This disdain culminated in the publication of a fake Hakim Bey book, actually written by Luther Blissett9. Hakim Bey is a persona. His behaviors and secrecy are all a image of the body of work of which he is accredited with authorship.

Of Mice And Men: Comparing The Movie And The Book :: essays research papers

The movie of Of Mice and workforce had many differences while still giving the same message that the throw was portrayed to have. One of the major differences was that Candy never came into the room when Lennie and Crooks were talking to each other. This was major because Crooks never found out that the plan was consecutive about the little house. In the book after he perceive Candy talk about it he wanted to get in on the deal. Also the movie it never showed Lennie have his illusions of his Aunt Carla and the rabbits when he was waiting by the pond. The last major difference was that George never hesitated to contract Lennie in the movie and in the book it was very hard for him. after George shot Lennie, Slim came to comfort George and take him out for a drink.The characters in the novel and the movie had many differences. In the book George was shown to hate Curley with a passion. In the movie George didnt seem to like Curley too more than but he definitely didnt hate him li ke in the book. In the movie Curleys wife seemed to be attracted to Lennie and enjoyed his presence because he was nice. In the book she talked to him only because she was amused by Lennies stupidity. Lennie was explained as a fauna in the book and, "his shoulders could fill the doorway." In the movie he was stronger and large than the others were but not to the extreme amount that the book portrayed him to be. all(prenominal) other thing about Lennie was extremely as the book told it.I entangle that the movie was wonderful and I loved it as much as I loved the book. I would give the movie a 10 because it was so great. The only parts that I didnt like were in the suppress it didnt make me as no-good as the book make me feel. I felt so into the dream the Lennie and George shared that I was sad when it was destroyed.

Evaluating National Environmental Health Association’s (NEHA) Performan

A agency rehearsal is what defines an organizations priming coat for existing and is the foundation for everything they do (Aguinis, 2009). Furthermore, the visual sense statement is where the organization desires to be in the future (Cady, Wheeler, DeWolf, & Brodke, 2011). Therefore, it is important to make sure that the organization has a good mission and vision statement that is clear and concise. According to Aguinis (2009), an idealistic mission and vision statement booth halt eight antithetical characteristics. The mission statement must describe what they do, their market, their unique benefits, what technology they use, fill for their survival, managerial philosophy, what public image they want, and their self-concept of business (Aguinis, 2009). In contrast, the vision statement must be brief, verifiable, bound by a timeline, current, focused, understandable, inspiring, and not intimately attainable (Aguinis, 2009). The National Environmental Health Associati ons (NEHA) mission statement is to advance the environmental wellness and protection professional for the pattern of providing a healthful environment for all (NEHA, 2011, 1). In addition, NEHA does not give birth a vision statement. Instead, they have a strategic heraldic bearing that focuses on directions and not destinations. It is the organizations belief that by focusing on directions, it will allow them to falsify course quickly should a change be appropriate. In addition, NEHAs strategic direction includes training, education, credentialing, advocacy, and organizational condenser (NEHA, 2011). Therefore, based on Aguiniss criteria, NEHAs mission statement is missing seven of the eight elements and only really addresses who their customers argon, the environmental health and ... ...ization is, where they are going, and how they plan to achieve it (Cady, Wheeler, DeWolf, & Brodke, 2011). Unfortunately, NEHA is lacking a real strategic direction since their mission statement is too vague and they have no vision for the future. While they have a strategic direction statement, it is not tied to a clear mission or vision so it is besides not very useful in aligning the organization. For an organization to urinate their full potential and to stay competitive, they must have a severe mission and vision statement. A vision alone is only a dream. Coupled with a mission, the vision is a destination (Dossenbach, 2001). NEHA must have a destination if they want to continue to be the association that the environmental health and protection specialist turns to for education, professional advancement, and knowledge of the environmental health field.

The Life and Work of William Butler Yeats Essay -- Biography Biographi

The Life and Work of William Butler Yeats born(p) in Dublin in the year 1865, William Butler Yeats would go on to become universally recognized by his peers as the greatest poet of this century writing in the English language. This recognition would come as wee as 1828, a decade before his death with the publication of arguably his finest volume, The Tower (Fraser, 207). The son of one time attorney and later swell known painter John Butler Yeats, W.B. Yeats was of partially Cornish and Gaelic decent, born near Dublin and raised between both England and Ireland. though born in Dublin and raised between England and Ireland, Yeats would develop, through his mother, a love for the west country of Ireland that would last all his life. Parts of his childishness and later vacations would be spent in County Sligo, the childhood home of both his parents. Yeats would later depict his beloved County Sligo in such works as The Lake Isle of Innisfree. These works would serve as a symbol of his imaginative escape from the disappointments and unpleasant realities of life (Magill, 1957). Yeatss childhood would be broad in education and personal experiences. Yeats would become a youth full of knowledgeable contradictions, often spawned by his desire to question all that he was taught. Spiritually, educationally, and personally, Yeats seemed to himself pulled in different directions, unable to decide on a clear path. These internecine contradictions would come to shape the writer and man that he would one twenty-four hours become. Much of childhood for Yeats was spent in London, where he attended the Godolphin School. At the age of fifteen, Yeats returned to Dublin and attended the Erasmus Smith School. In the tradition of his family, Yeats canvass art... ...thors A Twentieth Century Gallery. Freeport, NY Books for Libraries Press, 1970. Kunitz, Stanley J. and Howard Haycraft, eds. Twentieth Century Authors A biographic Dictionary of Modern Literature. brisk York The H. W. Wilson Company, 1942. Magill, Frank N, ed. Cyclopedia of World Authors rewrite Edition, Volume III. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Salem Press, 1974. Rogers, Pat, ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of English Literature. New York Oxford University Press, 1987. Scott-Kilvert, Ian, ed. British Writers. Volume VI. New York Charles Scribner & Sons, 1983. Stock, A.G. W. B. Yeats His Poetry and Thought. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1964. Unterecker, John. A Readers Guide to William Butler Yeats. New York Octagon Books, 1959. Yeats, W.B. The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats. New York The Macmillan Company, 1916.

The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Investigation Essa

The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders A Preliminary Investigation When I commencement exercise began my research for this paper, I was chiefly interested in learning more than about the role of serotonin in the treatment of trouble infirmitys. period I did discover that serotonin is important, especially when it comes to understanding the latest drugs world prescribed by doctors to invade misgiving symptoms, I also wise to(p) that researchers argon pursuing a number of other leads in examine the neurobiology of foreboding disorders. There has been essay suggesting that a particular gene, or genes, whitethorn be associated with the development of fear disorders (1). In addition, the circuitry of the amygdala, an area of the brain that regulates maintenance reactions, is now being examine (2). First, I bequeath briefly total my findings regarding serotonin, and then I will offer my own personal reaction. I will focus my response around Social Anxiety Disorder, iodi ne of a number of anxiety disorders that are diagnosed and treated today. Anxiety disorders are the most common cordial illnesses in America, affecting approximately 19 million adults (3). Although everyone experiences mild symptoms of anxiety at some point in their lives, those who suffer from an anxiety disorder have chronic and intense bouts of scourge. They may fear or taking into custody common social situations such as being out in public with a group of friends (4), or experience full-blown panic attacks (5) that make it impossible to go securities industry shopping or to do to work in the morning. If untreated, anxiety disorders squeeze out severely impact the woodland of ones life, and symptoms may grow even worsened over time. There are several types of anxiety disorders, including fright Disorder, neurotic Disor... ...c internet resource http//www.algy.com/anxiety/files/barlow.html6)Serotonin, from Department of Psychology, California State University http//www. csuchico.edu/psy/BioPsych/serotonin.html7)The Physiology of little terror Disorder, Part II, from brat/Anxiety Disorders on about.com http//panicdisorder.about.com/health/panicdisorder/ program library/weekly/aa043097.htm8)Drug may Help in Rx, Education of Panic Disorder, from The Medical Post, January 29, 1996, put in on Internet Mental wellness http//www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-pan1.html9)Paxil, from SmithKline Beecham http//www.paxil.com/Other Resources 1)The Neurobiology of Childhood emotion Anxiety, from The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. 32, No. 2 http//www.apsa.org/ rap music/anxiety.htm2)The Neurobiology of Depression, from Scientific American, June 1998 http//www.sciam.com/missing.cfm The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders A Preliminary Investigation EssaThe Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders A Preliminary Investigation When I first began my research for this paper, I was primarily interested in learning more about the role of serotonin in the treatment of anxiety disorders. While I did discover that serotonin is important, especially when it comes to understanding the latest drugs being prescribed by doctors to combat anxiety symptoms, I also learned that researchers are pursuing a number of other leads in investigating the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. There has been evidence suggesting that a particular gene, or genes, may be associated with the development of anxiety disorders (1). In addition, the circuitry of the amygdala, an area of the brain that regulates fear responses, is now being studied (2). First, I will briefly summarize my findings regarding serotonin, and then I will offer my own personal reaction. I will focus my response around Social Anxiety Disorder, one of a number of anxiety disorders that are diagnosed and treated today. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses in America, affecting approximately 19 million adults (3). Although everyone experiences mild symptoms of anxiety at some point in their lives, those who suffer from an anxiety disorder have chronic and intense bouts of panic. They may fear or dread common social situations such as being out in public with a group of friends (4), or experience full-blown panic attacks (5) that make it impossible to go grocery shopping or to get to work in the morning. If untreated, anxiety disorders can severely impact the quality of ones life, and symptoms may grow even worse over time. There are several types of anxiety disorders, including Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disor... ...c internet resource http//www.algy.com/anxiety/files/barlow.html6)Serotonin, from Department of Psychology, California State University http//www.csuchico.edu/psy/BioPsych/serotonin.html7)The Physiology of Panic Disorder, Part II, from Panic/Anxiety Disorders on about.com http//panicdisorder.about.com/health/panicdisorder/library/weekly/aa043097.htm8)Drug May Help in Rx, Education of Panic Disorder, from The Medical Post, January 29, 1996, found on Internet Mental Health http//www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-pan1.html9)Paxil, from SmithKline Beecham http//www.paxil.com/Other Resources 1)The Neurobiology of Childhood Emotion Anxiety, from The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. 32, No. 2 http//www.apsa.org/tap/anxiety.htm2)The Neurobiology of Depression, from Scientific American, June 1998 http//www.sciam.com/missing.cfm