Digital Divide in US Essay

The Digital Divide in US seems to be decreasing due to increase in the occasion of earnings and awareness about the benefits of the engine room. Moreover the US government is providing internet nark to brusk areas of the countries. This can be asserted from the fact that in that respect are 2 million impudent internet users each month in US. (Dickard, 2002, pg. 1) still at the same time the technical distribute between the ethnic groups is lock in there. The internet access to b wishs and Hispanics is half that of Whites and Asians.This is because Hispanics go on from poor backgrounds with less income and less access to study. Therefore they lack the rudimentary computer skills to take avail the opportunities of the technological age. However realizing the great potence market that Hispanics provide, marketers are now focusing their attention on this division and this has resulted in high internet penetration among Hispanics. Yet, abideability and skills to use the en gineering still remains a problem for this segment.The level of education is also an definitive factor in US in distinguishing between digital haves and haves non. besides a few of the people from those who didnt pass high tame had internet access but nearly half of the graduates have the digital access and this figure increases with the levels of qualifications. The level on income also has an impact. According to a study only 25% of the poor US households are online compared to 80% of the rich households. (Whipp, 2005) Digital Divide in the World There is colossal digital divide between rich and poor nations of the humanity.The western world including America, Europe and other northern states have wide access to nurture engineering science whereas this access is limited in southern regions of the world exchange qualified Africa, India, Pakistan and other regions of South Asia. The reason for this digital divide among then nations is that the poor nations are already burde ned with multiple stintingal and social problems worry debt, hunger, poor health and education social structure and therefore cannot benefit from the technological advancements. These countries cannot afford the high cost of investment in engineering science and its maintenance.Their already limited resources are spent in fulfilling their basic call for. (Ryder, 2003) However economic aspect is not the only cause of digital divide issue. The education levels and illiteracy is another explanation for the digital gap. Third world countries lack the skills to use the digital applied science due to poor educational background. mass of the people in this part of the world are illiterate and requisite easy solutions to their problems and often find the new technology too enigmatical and complex to use. (Rossi, 2007)The digital gap also exists because people do not take full advantage of the technology even if they can afford it and are literate enough to use it. They are simply not interested to use it. For example many people still cull to go to physical stores for shopping even though online shopping weft saves them money and time. (Nielsen, 2006) Bridging the Digital Divide One major solution to sign on down the digital gap is to reduce cost of technology which includes apparatus cost and maintenance costs and also the prices of PCs.This would result in more people having access to information and technology as they would be able to afford the access to internet. Another factor which is alpha is the development of technology skills and increasing technology literacy so that people know how to use the technology in right way even if they can afford it. But this can only be done if basic literacy is given by dint of proper education structure. Another solution is providing national for users that are farthest away from technological access like Hispanics and South Asians.There is really little content online for many minority groups. Not only pr oviding content for such users but also content that is in their local anesthetic language. (Carvin, 2000) umteen third world countries who are already struggling for basic needs do not welcome technology as they do not see it providing their basic needs and instead find it complex. To overcome this technology must be implemented so that it can succor in their development and addresses their basic needs. Savishinsky, 2000) Overcoming this global digital gap is just not the role of one group. Public and Private organizations and NGOs need to work together to bridge the gap. Government needs to provide basic education structure to improve the literacy levels and also provide opportunities for technological investments. Private organizations and NGOs need to help in providing digital access to rural areas where people cannot afford the technology and are not mastered enough to use.They can do this by funding schools and households and proving basic technological skills. Role of IT C ompanies and Professionals IT companies and professionals can play an important role in bridging the digital gap. IT companies can focus on providing technology in low income and low literacy areas of their ships company. This can be done by providing technological devices at lower costs. Also IT professionals can train local people in using the technology and create high flavor content that caters to the needs of the community.Conclusion Digital Divide is one of the greatest challenges faced by the governments of the world. On one side information and technology is helping the part of a society that afford digital access but on the other hand the other part of society is continuously being deprived of the benefits of technology. Digital Divide due to economic and educational divide seems to be widening. Therefore steps must be taken to narrow this gap so that everyone can utilize the benefits of the new digital age.

Classical Sculpture of the Greeks: a Journal Review.

Article Review What is Classical Sculpture by Walter R. Agard Jakob Mattern HUM 2220, prof. Warner Ph. D. Th, 600pm-845pm Word Count 1102 The word true used to describe calls of music, painting, sculpture, architecture, and even fabricate consumer goods. If ever there was a period in art or manufacturing that stands out with even balance, sagacious dignity, and general excellence, it will most belike be described as standardal, which after all, is no easy feat, considering that anything to take hold the classical name is decidedly, in rough way or a nonher, The better of the best. According to Walter R. Agard however, the word has lost several(prenominal) of its gusto. He states that it is so everywhereused that it no longer describes whether or not something is in-fact excellent, moreover rather, if a piece fits into a time frame and location that suggests that it most likely is. Just as all cars produced between 1900 and 1972 in America are not of necessity classics, n ot every piece of art created in the broad chronicle of classicals should be considered a true classic.Rather, Agard places forth his guidelines and examples of what should classify ancient Greek art, sculpture in particular, as the best of its time. The expand of Agards argument embossment upon the structured guidelines he lays out in the beginning of his condition that to be classical, a Greek sculpture must(prenominal) have The initial fantasy of a bouncing human gain. The synthesis of naturalism and clearly de ticketd, comparatively simple design. The amplification of essential planes.Refinement of detail. He also suggests that classical style sculpture in additionk prominence between the years 500 BCE and 420 BCE, thus dismissing some of the earlier nonrepresentational style sculpture, as well as the subsequently more expressionistic and complicated Hellenistic sculpture. He states that spot some posterior sculptures may be more magnificent to behold, they are no t embodying that which makes something a classic, and that they are not fulfilling the personality of the aterials or the monumental mark of sculpture. Marble is not a soft substance, and thus, the shapes created out of its dense composure must follow suit, according to Agard. While the presence of fine expatiate are very necessary, he states that the overall action of the piece must be graceful, direct, noble, and strong the sculpture must follow the ancient Greek adage, Know thy self to be a classic, it must appear and as powerful and eternal as the marble itself.This quality is demonstrate in the many sculptures that he analyzes in his article the weight commission Hermes, the tower-like Apollo, and the tensioned Heracles all display a living strength that compliment the nature of the marble. Agard also places a great deal of importance on the healthy human form, and the presence of subtle naturalism evince through fine details. In every piece delimit classic by Agard, w e learn a beingness that, while possessing a basic and strong geometric base, is also defined by many smaller details that compound simple design with an idealistic human form.The curls in Hermes beard and hair, the subtle veins and ligaments of the Charioteers hands and feet, the calm and confident gaze of Apollo, and the bulging muscular details found on the statues of the bow wielding Heracles and the lightning lobbing Zeus all add a life-like element to the otherwise cold geometric shapes, and help to portray separately character as a healthy and idealistic human being in both mind and body.For his closing statement, Agard mentions an encounter he once had with a tourist who was frustrated with how sure of themselves the classic Greek statues have the appearance _or_ semblance to be. He then refutes that they have the right to do so, simply because of the flush value and dignity confined in their strong and noble bodies, and that it was this sum that make these statues h onest and true classics of the ancient world. As a whole, I do agree with Agard in his viewpoints and conclusions of what a true classic should make up of.Referring once more to automobiles, it is my view that for a car to be classic it must combine simple design with beautiful details while still fulfilling the function for which it was designed with full effect. With respect to Agards definitions, the formula of classic sculpture should not be far from such ideals. I perspective that Agards affinity towards the nobility and strength of the designs was well founded, because although a statue is undoubtedly a work of art, it is also a permanent public speaker of a citys people.These strong and idealistic statues may very well have served as an ego-booster for the ancient Greeks their solid forms and endless wisdom meant to personify the people habitation in the polis itself. If anything however, it was this ego that catapulted these ancient people to such great high gear in term s of sophistication and achievement, so while some later sculptures may have captured more emotion or better expressed the human condition, it was the dignified, strong, and direct sculptures from 500-420 BCE that best embodied the golden age of Greece.There were a few points with which I disagree however. The selection of the Statue of Hermes, firstly. Although it is a good conclave of geometric driven balance and fine detail, I felt that over all it was simply not naturalistic enough to be considered a perfect synthesis of the human form and simple design. It is an impressive statue none-the-less, but it seemed a bit rudimentary compared with the other examples, a bit too 2 dimensional.Another idea with which I dont completely agree is the classification of two dimensional friezes with linear backdrops as the only true classical form of the frieze. Once again, It seemed to me that a frieze with a more shallow appearance did not coincide with some of the other mentioned sculpture s bursting with depth and life. While the drapery of the frieze interpret Heracles and Athena was beyond impressive, the naturalism of the characters themselves did not seem to reach the like heights as some of the other pieces.In any matter however, I believe that Agard compiled an excellent definition of what a classic statue should be defined as, what it should personify, and what its function should be, compared with the common ideal that nearly every statue from ancient Greece should be considered classical. His analysis of each sculpture was extremely thorough, and as a whole, his article gave some insight into what exactly these ancient artisans may have been cerebration of when they shaped these masterpieces. Bibliography Agard, Walter R. What Is Classical Sculpture? The Classic Journal, Vol. 49, No. 8 (May, 1954) pp. 341-349. Print.

Name of college or university

A retread of the roaring strategy and tactics of warfare will inevitably incline to the concept that battle eye socket victory will depend on the determining(prenominal) employment of the proper elements with the appropriate equipment in the right place at the correct time.Col. P. I. Lisitskiy1 describes specific assault and superfluous operations deployments during World fight II illustrative of this model and that host leadership on both(prenominal) sides understood the requirement of airborne methods to accomplish playing area victory. Un citadelunately he fails to provide sufficient illustration and examples of the use of special operations forces. Further, he provides little insight into the training regimen and capacity of these specialized forces.However his historic perspective and review is still significant as recent military actions demonstrate military commanders must have a thorough intellect of the critical strategic role of airborne and airmobile tactics in the successful use of assault and special operations forces.World War II was in essence the laboratory for the development of airborne operations and special operations. British, German and American armies formally organized airborne units and by the fall of 1943, the U.S. build up forces had as m some(prenominal) as five airborne divisions (11th, 13th, 17th, 82nd, and 102nd). (169).Lisitskiy defines special operations of the World War II era as being both airborne, subversion and terror, and subversion and reconnaissance soldiery. (169) He subdivides this broad categorization by detailing mission- and target area-specific operational groups. Lisitskiy concludes the World War II experience demonstrates the strength and cost-effectiveness of these operations and they will be a vital component of any future military engagement.Lisitskiy describes three methods of movement of airborne troops during the war parachute drops, troop placement via glider, and air transport to seized a irports.Placement of the force could be (a) immediately on top of the area to be assaulted, (b) adjacent to the field of battle, or (c) within striking range of the target. According to Lisitskiy these troops had their allot of personnel, logistical and communication problems, usually directly related to the nature of the battlefield and the speed, method of their arrival and distance from support bases.Lisitskiy uses actual battles to illustrate his penning regarding the method of transport and placement of troops. He cites the German Army airdrop on a Belgian fort, Eben Emael, 10 May 1940. It was possible to capture the fort only by landing troops atop it. (172) the allied function Overload, what Americans refer to as D-Day, perfectly illustrates the airlifting of units with seizing airfields ahead of their landing.(171) the feasibility and necessity of landing paratroops away from the target is exemplified by the operations of the 3rd German Paratroop Rifle Regiment on Crete. Assigned to take the town of Khania the troops were dropped on the roadsome 3km from Khania, whence the regiment began pushing towards its objective in a planned manner. (172)Other examples given illustrate the notion that special operations come with special problems. Of a critical nature to a rapidly inserted or swiftly moving force are logistics and communication. airborne operations by their very nature require stringent tilt scrutiny.Lisitskiy refers to the German developments specific to airborne operations, including lightweight shoulder arms as well as specialized artillery pieces. The same weight considerations employ to communication gear. The failure of German commanders in Crete was directly attributed to communication difficulties mingled with entrenched and newly arrived troops.1 Col. P. I. Lisitskiy is the Sector Deputy Chief at the join for Military-Strategic Studies of the General Staff of the Russian Federation Armed Forces.

Case Study on Tupperware Essay

1.0 IntroductionIn this calculate I lead be analyzing a case study on Tupperw ar. I will be identifying the main problems faced by Tupperware and recommending solutions that could be used to help Tupperware. Tupperware was developed in the 1940s by Earl Tupper. They consisted of mingled types of plastic containers used in households to contain pabulum and keep it airtight. As innovative as the product was it was not an instant hit. The tar trounce grocery store was woman and they were not buying the product and this meant that a different approaching had to be taken in put to induce gross revenue and get the product known. This led to the beginning of the Tupperware party as a sales tool. The Tupperware party was a gathering of women mainly housewives who came together to socialize simply with Tupperware available for sale. This proved to be a useful sales technique.In the 1950s the product was a perfect fit for women most beingness full-time home servers which allowed them to be able pack food andleftovers for long periods of time. merely since Tupperware was not sold in the stores in meant that women and housewives alike had to had to attend Tupperware parties in order to purchase them. In the 60s and 70s Tupperware sales sum upd dramatically. This was because the lifestyle of most women at the time suited a product like Tupperware, also coupled with the Tupperware parties which were a wide hit in the era. In the 80s there was a there was a castigate in sales, this according to the Tupperware ladies, may harbour been due to increase in divorces, childless, women being single and more independent. Tupperware maintains a reasonable market share internationally but has since seen a decline in both market share and sales domestically and struggles to regulate appropriate marketing strategies to implement.2.0 S.W.O.T AnalysisA SWOT summary is an analytical method, which is used to identify and categorize significant internal factors (i.e. strength s and weaknesses) and external factors (i.e. opportunities and threats) an musical arrangement faces. I will be looking at the SWOT analysis for Tupperware and using it to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that Tupperware suck.2.1 Strengths Tupperware had a spick-and-span innovative product at the time. Tupperware at the time had a specific target market i.e. Housewives. Tupperware was a perfect fit for the 1950s due to many women being homemakers Tupperware parties were the and way to buy the products making them exclusive to opposite businesses. Tupperware used their parties as a cultivate of promotion by having games and giving out gifts. Tupperware has soaring node loyalty Between the 1950s and 1970s Tupperware was superiorly economic2.2 Weaknesses Tupperware has not been able to preserve a way of life. Tupperware was a new and unknown product so when it came out there was no involution in it. Tupperware could simply be sold at Tuppe rware parties unlike other competitive products that were being sold in stores.2.3 Opportunities In the past Tupperware could pose sold their products in stores rather than just Tupperware parties. Increase profitability by increase marketing and advertising. Increase domestic sales of Tupperware2.4 Threats Competition from other companies like Rubbermaid. Changing environment and lifestyle.3.0 The 5 ps of the market Mix for TupperwareThe 5 ps of the Marketing mix that I will be looking at in relation to Tupperware admit product, promotion, price, place, people.3.1 ProductTupperware consists of various types of plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. Tupperware products were innovative when they came out. The quality of the product is said to be high and very effective in its use. The availability of Tupperware products was limited as you could except buy them from the Tupperware parties.3.2 PromotionTupperware was promoted through the Tuppe rware parties that were held in different locations. This was their main form of promotion. In the Tupperware parties they also used social events, like games, were they gave gifts in order to increase awareness of the product. Tupperware also used Tupperware ladies to market their products right off to the customers.3.3 legal injuryTupperware products according to loyal customers are high in quality and aprice to match. So Tupperware products are expensive.3.4 PlaceTupperware products can only be bought at Tupperware parties. Any returns would have to be done in person.3.5 PeopleThe people who were involved in the marketing, sales and customer dish out of Tupperware were the Tupperware ladies and dealers.4.0Marketing Solutions and RecommendationsIn terms of the actual product, customers felt that it was of high quality and had the features and usability expected, accordingly it may not be necessary to change or rectify these things. However cross out image can be increased by advertising and marketing. Availability of the product and customer answer can be improved by employing more Tupperware ladies and dealers. Tupperware already used Tupperware parties as a form of promoting both the products and party itself. I think Tupperware could improve their brand and public relations by increasing advertising and marketing campaigns that directly target the intended customers. Tupperware products even though of high quality are expensive. Tupperware could increase customer loyalty by reducing prices and introducing promotional campaigns that make the products more affordable.Tupperware can also help customers by introducing discounts, payment methods and sinless value added incentives. Tupperware can improve customer service and support by increasing the number of Tupperware ladies and dealers. Tupperware can also widen their scope by creating different channels or mediums that can help increase awareness, brand imaging, increase profits and customer loyal ty. Finally I think Tupperware should increase the number of dedicated Tupperware ladies and dealers. This can be done by increasing the level of training which will increase the level of skill that the Tupperware ladies and dealers have. This will increase the number of Tupperware parties available which will increase sales and profits. guest loyalty will also increase as direct customer service increases.5.0 ConclusionAs shown in the report I have analyzed and identified areas that have problems within Tupperware and I believe that I have shown that certain solution can be implemented in order to help increase sale, profits, customer loyalty and the overall service provided by Tupperware.6.0 ReferencesPride, W. M., Ferrell, O. C., Lucas, B. A., Schrembri, S., & Niinnen, O. (2012). Marketing Principles Asia Pacific Edition. (1st ed.). South Melbourne Cengage Learning Australia.Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (2013). Foundations of Marketing (5th ed.). Mason, Ohio South-Western Ceng age Learning.

Didion’s on Morality Essay

What is it that forms and drives our moral behaviors? Are we born with a basic sense of morality or do we develop a set of moral social codes to keep society from falling into funny farm and anarchy? In her essay On Morality, Joan Didion dissects what lies beneath the surface of humanitys morality. By recounting several stories and historical events, she shows that morality at its basic most primitive level is nothing to a greater extent than our loyalties to the iodins we love, everything else is subjective. Didions first story points out our commitment to family.She is in Death vale writing an article about morality, a word she distrust more every day. She relates a story about a young man who was drunk, had a car accident, and died while driving to Death Valley. His girl was institute alive but bleeding internally, deep in shock, Didion states. She talked to the nurse who had determined his girl 185 miles to the nearest doctor. The nurses husband had stayed with the body until the coroner could get there. The nurse said, You just cant leave a body on the highway, its immoral. According to Didion this was one instance in which she did not distrust the word, because the nurse meant something quite specific. She argues we dont desert a body for even a few minutes lest it be desecrated. Didion claims this is more than only a artificial consideration. She claims that we promise each other to raise and retrieve our casualties and not abandon our dead it is more than a sentimental consideration. She stresses this point by saying that if, in the simplest terms, our upbringing is intelligent plenteous we stay with the body, or put on bad dreams. Her point is that morality at its most primary level is a sense of loyalty to one another that we learned from our love ones. She is saying that we stick with our loved ones no matter what, in sickness, in health, in bad times and good times we dont abandon our dead because we dont want someone to abandon us. She is professing that morality is to do what we designate is right whatever is necessary to meet our primary loyalties to care for our loved ones, even if it means sacrificing ourselves.Didion emphatically states she is talking about a wagon-train morality, and For recrudesce or for worse, we are what we learned as children. She talks about her puerility and hearing graphic litanies about the Donner-Reed party and the Jayhawkers. She maintains they failed in their loyalties to each other, and bedraggled one another. She says they breached their primary loyalties, or they would not have been in those situations. If we go against our primary loyalties we have failed, we regret it, and thus have bad dreams. Didion asseverate that we have no way of knowingwhat is right and what is wrong, what is good and what is sin. She sees politics, and public policy falsely assigned aspects of morality. She warns us not to deceive ourselves into thinking that because we want or need some thing that it is a moral exigent that we have it, then is when we join the fashionable madmen. She is saying this will be our demise, and she may well be correct. Hitlers idea that he had a moral imperative to purify the Aryan race serves as a poignant reminder of such a delusion.In 1939 Hitlers national socialist army invaded Poland and started World War II. World War II came to an annihilate in large part due to the United States displace 2 atomic bombs. If the war had continued and escalated to the point of Hitlers Nazis and the United States dropping more atomic bombs we could have destroyed most, if not all, of humanity, the ultimate displace of fashionable madmen. We may believe our behaviors are just and righteous, but Didions essay makes us closely examine our motives and morals. She contends that madmen, murders, war criminals and religious icons throughout history have said I followed my own conscience. I did what I thought was right. Maybe we have all said it and maybe we have been wrong. She shows us that our moral codes are often subjective and fallacious, that we rationalize and relieve our actions to suit our ulterior motives, and our only true morality is our loyalty to those we love. It is this loyalty to those we love that forms our families, then our cities, our states, our countries and ultimately our global community. Without these moral codes, social coiffe would break down into chaos and anarchy.

Queer Theories African American Homosexual

Trapped The Dilemma of the African American Homointimate Colin Chastain April 1, 2013 Dr. Wayne Brekhus Sociology 3300 indulge Theories Introduction When some unity hears the word brisk or queer, they closely a lot think of the middle class, Caucasian risible male. For my look into proposal, I plan on canvas what is very very much oerlooked in queer identity the struggle of queer identity in the African American homo male. I am interested in studying this because I grew up knowing I was joyous in a sm both, middle class town in rural America.I wish to contend how aerial African Americans atomic number 18 restricted by smuggled stereotypes, queer stereotypes, acceptance with stipulations in the comic corporation and black company of interests, racialism in the laughable corporation, homophobia in the blackness alliance, perceptions of blackness and masculinity attitudes toward paederasticity and their load on audacious coloured workforce living openly, tra nsvestiteity and devotion (the black church), and media perceptions of filthy risibleness. The majority of the black union stated they wished to stick up restriction free lives. They be non able to fully be themselves in their daily lives and often deliver to assimilate to be authorized. trance untold research has been conducted on white man males, there is very lower-ranking study on African Americans who identify with the queer identity. African Americans already curb to struggle with the racism and stereotypes of cosmos black as an highly masculinized and heterosexual person environ handst while struggling with the internal conflict of cosmos audacious, which makes their experience unique. Because African? Americans impart already encountered a very traumatic experience with oppression, unity could safely assume that African? Americans would be much than than sensitive to socially oppressive practices such as being mirthful so most decide to conceal it.S adly, African? American homoerotic males be largely viewed by forbidding heterosexuals as non rattling Black, deviant, a disg turn tail, an embarrasswork forcet and, worse as yet, an agent of genocide aimed against their own race (Alexander, 2004 76, 78). Racism within the Gay Community It is sad to tally that racism is good-tempered prevalent til now within the gay companionship a company that is oppressed almost as much as African Americans. The transactionhip between the gay community and Black community has been ace of association and disassociation. The gay community through bring emerge history has the likes ofned their struggle to that of Blacks in America.The Black community has had little interaction with the gay community and has as secern to distance itself from being compared to the gay community. Keith Boykin, author of One More River to Cross, often speaks to the dissensions between the Gay community and the Black community. He try outs both the gay co mmunity and Black communitys relationship to each causeer(a) and gay Black men. Boykin states, The dirty little secret about the homosexual population is that white gay people are just as racist as white straight people (Boykin, 1996 234). To be gay has taken on a white face as wholesome as white experiences (Boykin, 1996 235).Homophobia within the Black Community One liaison I never realized is how many African Americans feel they have to choose between being Black or being gay based on homophobic pressures within the Black community. In her accommodate, The rightfulness that Never Hurts, Smith dedicates a chapter specifically to this issue. . Smith states, The underlying surmisal is that I should prioritize one of my identities because one of them is actually more all-important(a) than the rest or that I must arbitrarily choose one of them over the others for the sake of acceptance in one particular community (Smith, 1998 125-132).This is an issue gay Black men face as they have loyalties to each of their respective communities. Smith acknowledges the double soul that many gay Black men face in choosing between the gay community and the Black community. In my experience, being a Caucasian gay male, I never had to go through this since being gay, like Boykin states, has taken on a white face as the most researched and highlighted community of gay men. Gay Black manpower and Issues of Masculinity and Homosexuality Afrocentricity a sense modality of thought and action in which the centrality of African interests, values, and perspectives predominant.In terms of action and behavior, it is a devotion to the idea that what is in the best interest of African consciousness is at the heart of ethical behavior (Asante, 1998 2). It seeks to highlight the idea that to be black is to be against all forms of oppression, racism, classism, homophobia, patriarchy, child abuse, pedophilia, and white racial domination. concord to Asante, one cannot be afrocentric an d gay. With this being said, afrocentrism recognizes homophobias existence, but cannot condone oddity to be accepted as good to further the national exploitation of a strong people.This is what most Black men struggle with yet again. To choose to embrace their black heritage and furthering an oppressed race over embracing their sexuality. Its almost as if Black men are trapped between conflicting interests of different communities. Perceptions of Homosexuality leading to Risky, Dangerous, and flower Behaviors Studies have overly been conducted which look at the Black gay community and riskier sexual behavior leading to AIDS. Previous research has press outn a join between riskier sexual behavior and beliefs regarding quirkiness in the Black community (Peterson, 1992).This link this creates an added barrier for Black gays when compared to white gays. Previous research has as well as shown that gay Blacks do not seek refuge primarily within the LGBT community and tend to be le ss involved than gay whites (Stokes, 1996). In fact, as Lewis points out in his study, gay Blacks experience racism in interactions with white gays (Battle, 2002). Attitudinal differences are important to understand as we attempt to bring out those obstacles gay Black men view as restricting their life-time relegates. Self? estructive behaviors today carry ond to a negative self-concept are also the result of internalizing heterosexual ideology. High incidence of substance abuse, increasing rank of suicide, and risky sexual behaviors are the most common self? iconoclastic behaviors exhibited by homosexuals. This is even more prevalent among Black gay men because the way they perceive themselves correlates to W. E. B. DuBois double consciousness. Gay Black men research often feel rupture between the gay community, the Black community, and being a man in society.Having to combat stereotypes makes it difficult for these gay Black men to find a home in either community (Alexande r, 2004). Acceptance with Stipulations in the Gay Community and Black Community go gay Black men did feel accepted at time within the gay community and the Black community that acceptance often came with a stipulation. Stipulations in the gay community were assimilation and/or sexual interest. The participants stated that if they demonstrated traits that were similar to the white community, they were often accepted into the community without any problems.Some participants even stated that they felt more accepted in the gay community when they muted their Blackness. The participants also stated that if the whites had an interest in gay Black men, then they also were accepted into the community. Stipulations in the Black community were usually silence (vocally and visibly) and explanations of what it agency to be homosexual. Black gays often felt that they were accepted into the Black community as long as they did not speak about their lifestyle or demonstrate their lifestyle (i. e. holding hands with another man, kissing another man, being golden or effeminate, etc. . Many Black gays claim to feel accepted in the Black community once they get a chance to talk to a Black individual one on one to show them that not all gay people are what the media has portrayed. Ultimately, Black gays, like many gays, have to act straight and not break dance any inclination that they were homosexual. Homosexuality and Religion (The Black Church) The understanding of queerness within the realm of trust is also important to consider because religion has been a primary aspect of Black liberation for centuries.Homosexuality remains a major restrict in religious talk which has prompted many researchers to analyze why homophobic attitudes exist. In Delroy Constantine-Simms text, The Greatest Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities, the question is asked whether or not oddity is the greatest taboo? Constantine-Simms, E. Patrick Johnson, and Horace Griffin all provide articl es that analyze the relationship between homoeroticism and religion (specifically the Black church). All authors defy that the bible has been co-opted by the religious right wings placing a greater emphasis on withdrawal rather than integration.The authors all compare the homophobia that revolves around religion to the racism and sexism that quiet down today clouds religion. Constantine-Simms states, With the interpretive grid provided by a critique of domination, we are able to filter out the sexism, patriarchalism, violence, and homophobia that are very much a part of the parole, thus liberating it to reveal to us in fresh ways the in breaking, in our time, of Gods domination-free order (Constantine-Simms, 2000 87).In Keith Boykins book One More River to Cross, he speaks of several ministers hes interviewed regarding gayness and religion. The majority of reverends interviewed agreed that homosexuality is a sin often quoting the Bible to reinforce their opinion. Boykin highli ghts one reverend in particular who has targeted the gay community as sinners. Boykin cites the Reverend James Sykes as one of best cognize opponents of homosexuality in the Black church. Boykin quotes Sykes defending a Klu Klux Klan meeting, If I like pork chops and the Klan likes pork chops, nobody has cipher to say.But because the Klan agrees that homosexuality is wrong, and I agree that homosexuality is wrong, then all the sudden Im dormancy with the Klan (Boykin, 1996 127-128). This attitude toward homosexuality is appalling considering Sykes is the other(prenominal)or of a four speed of light plus member church. Boykin, along with several other scholars, assert that the verbiage of religion has been corrupted by right wing moralists who want nothing more than to eradicate homosexuality from the church. Media Perceptions of Black Homosexuality Images of Black homosexuality have been predominately negative in popular culture today.Across the board all individuals who have r esearched this topic agree that gay Black men are represented negatively in popular culture. Gay Black men have been portrayed as void of masculinity, hyper-sexual, sassy, and flamboyant. Marlon T. Riggs, author of Black masculine Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen, discusses his anger towards the straight men of the Black community. Riggs states that he expected the obstacles in life from the White community because of his race, but never expected obstacles from his own brothers regarding his sexuality.Riggs believes that they should understand what it is like to be oppressed, and therefore should abandon any notion of oppression since they have to face a form of it every day as well. Riggs cites several Black men who have done nothing but participate in the degradation of the gay Black male. His best example lies in a comedy show that used to air entitled In Living Color, in which ii straight Black men portrayed gay Black men to review movies from a mans point of view. Rigg s also brings the treatment up again regarding the trap of being gay and Black. I am a Negro Faggot, if I believe what movies, TV, and rap music say of me. Because of my sexuality, I cannot be Black. A strong, proud, Afrocentric Black man is resolutely heterosexual, not even bisexual. (Riggs, 1991 389-394) Various video productions have been produced that attempt to acknowledge the difficulties of being both gay and Black. pips such as Tongues Untied intimately rede the experience of the gay Black male. Tongues Untied is directed and produced by Marlon Riggs.The picture palace addresses the struggle gay Black men face silenced and torn between both the gay and Black communities. Riggs video encapsulates the pain, fear, and hatred gay Black men deal with negotiating their identities within a community that does not recognize their race and a community that rejects their sexuality. The film presents a commanding message for gay Black men to love not moreover themselves but thei r Black brethren. Tongues Untied presents the best visual representation of what it means to be Black and gay in America.Current media is attempting to expand cultural stereotypes. While some of those negative stereotypes that have been reinforced by popular media still exist, these new forms are seeking to eliminate those past stereotypes and show the population that there isnt just one image of the African American gay man. Attitudes toward Homosexuality and their effect on Gay Black work force Living Openly White and Black attitudes toward homosexuality have directly affected gay Black men to a greater horizontal surface than gay White men. Previous studies have yielded an array of mixed results.Levitt and Klassen (1974) plant in their research that whites significantly maintain more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than Blacks. Years later Hudson and Ricketts (1980) and Schneider and Lewis (1984) make up the opposite. The most common results regarding Blacks and white s and their attitudes toward homosexuality displayed that Blacks were more likely to support anti-discrimination laws but Whites were typically more accepting of the homosexual lifestyle. Gregory Lewis (2003) conducted research that measures Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights.His article uses responses from almost sevener thousand Blacks and forty-three thousand whites in 31 surveys conducted since 1973 to give more definitive answers on Black-white attitudinal differences and their demographic roots. Lewiss findings correlate with the research of the past displaying Blacks as percentage points more likely than whites to condemn homosexual relations as always wrong and percentage points more likely to see them warranting Gods punishment in the form of AIDS, but no more like to favor criminalizing gay sex (Lewis, 2003 63).Lewis also found that while Blacks attitudes regarding homosexuality were predominantly negative Blacks are percentage points more likely than whites to support laws prohibiting antigay job discrimination. Difference in attitudes matter because as Lewis states, First, Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) may rely on same-race heterosexuals for acceptance even more than white LGBs do (Icard, 1986) (Lewis, 2003 61). Those same researchers cogitate that Blacks attracted to their own gender often experience more pressure than whites to hatch their homosexual behavior, have children, or marry (Icard, 1986).This fear of coming out represents a problem within the gay Black community and they constrain trapped which prevents them from living the lives they feel they ought to be living. Conclusion The Black gay male struggle certainly is a rough one. Compared to my experiences with homosexuality, it seems that Black gay males have much more pressure on them to conform to the heterosexual social sanctions of society, their own black community, and racism. I can definitely relate to the substance abuse a nd acting straight (such as pushing the thoughts out of my mind).The way society views all homosexuality makes to change, and is slowly changing. Black gay males should be paid a little more aid to in the media, research, and other forms of communication so that the weight of these pressures may be lifted off of their shoulder. Even other minorities such as Hispanic, Asian, or Indian should be more looked upon to open the nations eye to the diversity and struggle of all homosexuals, not just the white gay male. With this being said, I feel we are taking great strides with the LGBTQ community to further the goal to include all who are struggling.We just need to find a way to eliminate any prejudices that make it even harder for Black gay males or any ethnicity/orientation to find ecstasy and acceptance. Works Cited Alexander, William H. (2004) Homosexual and Racial Identity Conflicts and Depression Among African? American Gay Males, Trotter Review Vol. 16 Iss. 1, Article 8. Availa ble at http//scholarworks. umb. edu/trotter_review/vol16/iss1/8 Bailey, Robert W. (1999) Gay Politics, Urban Politics Identity and Economics in the Urban Setting. Chichester West Sussex, untested York Columbia University Press.Boykin, Keith (1996). One More River to Cross. Doubleday dell Publishing Group, Inc. Anchor Books. Constantine-Simms, Delroy. , ed. The Greatest Taboo Homosexuality in Black Communities. Alyson Publications. 2000. Hudson, Walter W. , and Wendell A. Ricketts. 1980. A Strategy for the Measurement of Homophobia. journal of Homosexuality 5(4)357-72 Icard, L. (1986). Black gay men and conflicting social identities Sexual orientation versus racial identity. Journal of Social Work and Human Sexuality, 4, 83-93. Levitt, Eugene E. , and Albert D.Klassen. 1974. Public Attitudes toward Homosexuality Part of the 1970 state Survey by the Institute for Sex Research. Journal of Homosexuality. 1(1)29-43. Lewis, Gregory B. Black-white differences in attitudes toward homos exuality and gay rights. Public Opinion Quarterly. Chicago Spring 2003. Vol. 67, Iss. 1 pg. 59, 20 pgs. Peterson, J. L. (1992). Black Men and Their Same-Sex Desires and Behaviors. In Gay Culture in America, edited by Gilbert Herdt. Boston Beacon Press Riggs, Marlon T. Black butch Revisited Reflections of a Snap Queen.Black American Literature Forum, Vol. 25, No. 2, Black Film Issue. (Summer, 1991), pp. 389- 394. Riggs, M. (director). Tongues Untied. 55 min. Frameline, Inc. , 1989. Available at http//www. dailymotion. com/video/xe80ww_tvxs-gr-tongues-untied_people. UWRkFE7n9Ms Smith, Barbara. The Truth that Never Hurts. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. 1998. Pgs 125-132. Stokes, Joseph P. , and John L. Peterson. 1998. Homophobia, Self-Esteem, and Risk for HIV among African American Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Education and Prevention 10(3)278-92

Marketing Plan for Sierra Nevada Brewery

The purpose of this document is to perform a trade plan for sierra Nevada Brewery (SNB) specifically, developing a plan to broaden the carrefour line attainment by launching a new product variation that incorporates sierra Nevadas traditional ale, with the touch of blackberry. First, physical objects ar clearly realized, followed by a situational digest using a SWOT protocol. A food market analysis is performed found upon the STP procedure, which directly leads to the marketing strategy. Financial assureions ar provided, along with strategy to implement the marketing plan, which leads to the final segment evaluation and ascendance metrics, which lead be used to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of the marketing plan.SNB is a financially gruelling smart set, as represented by question and their ranking as the 2 producer of business deal beer in the linked States. They have positi wizd themselves as universe an elite fraud beer producer by using risque-qu ality ingredients, producing esteemed beers, being socially prudent and ethical, and focusing on a niche market. The need and desire to be innovative, in articulation with SNBs goal to have a beer makery on the east bank in order to enhance their supply chain management, led to the end to introduce the of berry Ale their runner flavored ale. Since SNB has effectively marketed all of their beers, adding the berry Ale followed a similar strategy.The target consumers are educated, middle-to-upper-middle class professional men that uphold to themselves as beer connoisseurs, and venerate artisanal brewing. blackberry bush Ale testament be packaged and marketed as a premier wile beer and keisterd in urban areas with an upscale atmosphere. Pricing will be set competitively at $9.59 for a 6-pack of 12oz bottles. Based upon research, trends, and SNBs history, therecommendation is for SNB to launch Blackberry Ale in the first-class honours degree derriere of 2014, mirroring the grand opening move of the new eastmost Coast brewery in North Carolina. Blackberry Ale is expected to increase SNBs positivity and assess thereby, helping to continue the change magnitude strength of the SNB family brand. Marketing Plan for sierra Nevada BreweryCompevery Overviewsierra Nevada Brewery (SNB) was officially founded in 1979, in Chico, California. This small, college-town, located 90 miles north of Sacramento, sits at the foot of the sierra Nevada foothills, for which the brewery is named after. What makes this brewery unique is its history. Ken Grossman, the founder and master brewer of SNB, started experimenting with categorybrew in 1970, under the tutelage of his friends pay back this is where his passion for brewing beer began to flourish.In 1976, Ken deviatenered up with Paul Camusi to take home brewing to a broad(prenominal)er level. Since hops were scarce for home brewers in the 1970s, Ken traveled to Yakima, Washington, to obtain whole-cone Cascade hops , which produce a citrus-pine flavor and aroma that makes SNB distinct. SNB is renowned for its illustrious beers, specifically for the hop-forward brewing method, which adds distinctive flavors and aromas to the beers. As the demand for SNBs esteemed beers rapidly began to outpace supply, Ken expand into a local warehouse, brewing out of defunct stainless steel tanks that he recovered from dairy farms in California and Oregon. Since 1980, SNB has continued to expand and capture a larger portion of the market share.Objectives and GoalsSNB wants to provide high quality beer to consumers without the United States further more than, they want to introduce new medium products, such as flavored beers. With the de termi commonwealth and resources that SNB possesses, they have positioned themselves into becoming the elapse-rated premium brewery in the U.S. According to McCurry (2012), Sierra Nevada is the No. 2 U.S. barter brewer in terms of sales behind Sam Adams. It plans to have an initial cleverness of 300,000 barrels and will employ 90 (para. 2). An increasing demand for SNB beer in the easterlyern U.S., combined with additional transportation costs has necessitated the establishment of an eastbound Coast brewery.A major objective of SNB is to build a brewery on the East coast,allowing them to efficiently market their premium beers to admit all states east of the manuscript River, charm adding value to the overall organization. McCurry goes on to state For a decade, Sierra Nevada served eastern markets very efficiently, using a lot of piggyback kvetch with refrigerated containers. Bottle-aged beer has to be refrigerated, and its expensive to run across the country, besides the company did it very successfully. As the market grew in the East and capacity constraints started to be r to each oneed in Chico, it became obvious that what is needed is a new brewery and it should be build in the East to address cost and service issues. (para. 9)The additio n of an East coast brewery should strategically position SNB above Sam Adams, therefore claiming the make out one spot in slyness beers, and further increasing the SNB brand. Specifically, the objective is to expand their product line and break into the growing flavored ale market. Situational AnalysisSNB holds a relatively strong position in the beer industry. Their strengths are perhaps the organizations greatest asset. SNBs state of the art, on-site R&D Department, has positioned them to be an elite brewery, by providing pristine and innovative beers. This allows them to differentiate themselves from competitors. The investment in the science of brewing made Sierra Nevada widely regarded as one of the most sophisticated research and quality focused breweries in the beingness (Sierra Nevada, 2013, para. 23). Additionally, SNB prides itself as being a progressive-green and socially responsible company the nations largest private solar array provides 1.5 megawatts of electricity , succession the on-site auditorium houses companionship events.Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats On-site R&D 2 craft brewery Expand to the East coast where SNB has a small presence. Intense competition from other craft breweries Strong brand name Small company limited resources for promotions and publicize Enhance supply chain management Anti-drinking campaigns Green and socially responsible sustainability One manufacturing location Growing preference of consumers for higher quality craft beers and flavored ales. Health concerns of consumers about beer consumptionOne key element that adds value to SNB is Ken Grossmans continuous concern for the environment and the community Their installation of four 250-watt co-generation provide cells earned them a visit from Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. They have long had the first largest private installation of solar panels in the nation. They engage in change recovery, CO2 recovery, water recycling, bought their own cows to e at their spent grains, and they seizet believe in buying carbon offsets.And now, they have a new composting systemall presented with again, its not the greatest ROI from Grossman, but its the way we want to do things around here, its part of our story. (Chang, 2010, para. 4) SNB sets the bar high for organizations in being ethically and socially responsible. Although SNB flush toilet save money by cutting corners, they continue to take the high road and focus on the well-being of the community, as well as the environment.Market AnalysisCurrent trends and data indicate craft breweries are gaining market strength. The long term dominance by large beer manufactures is declining. According to Ciccone (2012), In 2011, all top 25 craft breweries experienced increases in revenues. Craft breweries recorded 15 percentage growth in volume of barrels shipped, compared to a 1.5 percent decrease in the beer industry overall (para. 2). SNB received encourage place honors during 2011 in Best-S elling Craft Beers. 2 Sierra Nevada Brewing Co.Location Chico, Calif. set Sold in 2011 858,000 9.2 percent increase since 2010 Popular Brands Sierra Nevada disgusted Ale, Ovila Abbey AlesJulia Herz, Craft Beer Program Director for the Brewers Association, verbalise,A light Ameri squeeze out lager no longer satisfies every taste. Ameri derrieres have developed a subtle palate, so if its not world class quality, it wont survive (Ciccone, 2012, para. 3). The market for craft beers is growing, and SNB is positioning itself to dominate the craft beer market. SNBs strength is becoming more apparent, as they continue to gain market share every year. Clarke (2012) stated that a 2011 study indicated craft beer grew by 16.3%, the largest growth by any beer category furthermore, 11% of craft beers growth arose from new drinkers in 2010, compared to an astounding 46% in 2011. An import element for SNB to consider it that Millennials compute for 46% of new craft beer drinkers.The market for craft beer continues to grow at a rapid rate additionally, all of this growth is occurring during difficult economical eras. The overall success of SNB can largely be attributed to its marketing strategy. They part the market by focusing on beer drinkers in the U.S. market. SNB further segment the market down to craft beer consumers. The craft beer segment does not imply low-income, uneducated, party-oriented beer drinkers. SNB targets male craft beer consumers, as marketing strategies have indicated that targeting woman can have an adverse effect. Clarke (2012) goes on to say that women are apt to project contemptuous ridicule towards beers that are marketed as being women-friendly, especially if the beer is specifically targeted to them.Specifically, SNB targets College educated, middle-to-upper-middle class professional men, ages 21-44 years old that refer to themselves as beer connoisseurs, and revere artisanal brewing. By volume, 80% of craft beer was enjoyed by white (non-Hispanic) consumers, over half(a) of them in the 21-44 year age bracket. More than 75% earned at least $50,000/year, and 43% were college-educated Craft beer connoisseurs, as they prefer to be called, feeling the distinctive taste and aroma of craft beers (Clarke, 2012, para. 6). With the target consumer being established, SNB can effectively position themselves.Craft beer connoisseurs are already aware of the prestigious SNB envision therefore, positioning the new craft beer innovation will ensure that consumers compass the product as a premier, black berry-flavored craft beer, created for the affluent craft beer connoisseur. Marketing StrategySNBs product, a blackberry flavored ale, is the first flavored beer thatthey will produce. thither are a lot of new flavors out there, and beer drinkers are involuntary to try brands they havent tried before because they trust the category, Gatza says. (McCurry, 2012, para. 62). By offering flavored ale, SNB strategically appeals to its current consumer based, as these consumers will want to try the latest creation, while increasing market penetration by acquiring new consumers who are intrigued by the new product and want to try it.The new product is Blackberry Ale an amber colored light ale with the subtle flavor and full-bodied notes of blackberry. This premier brew will be packaged in blackened glass bottles. Tastings (n.d.) emphatically encourage the use of dark glass bottles, as they inhibit the photochemical effect produced by daylight, specifically, the ultraviolet spectrum, which can create off flavors and degrade the freshness of the beer. Additionally, twist-off crowns dont protect beer against oxidation as well as pry-off crowns therefore Blackberry Ale will include pry-off crowns. An adhesive label, containing product information and displaying the illustrious SNB logo, will be apply to each bottle. Finally, the label will display the brand-Sierra Nevada Blackberry Ale thereby, using a family n ame brand strategy. Distribution StrategyBlackberry Ale will be distributed strategically through select retailers as to protect SNBs premier image, while increasing market penetration Taprooms Upscale restaurants High-end bars and clubs Gourmet specialty stores Beer and drink bistros Prosperous grocery storesIndirect distribution using established partnerships will accelerate the placement of Blackberry Ale into the selected retailers. This link provides a list of all established distributor partnerships throughout the U.S. http//www.sierranevada.com/distributors/ Pricing StrategySNBs price will radiate a premium price as their products are known for being high-quality and in accordance to the product positioning. They already benefit from having an effective price strategy therefore, Blackberry Ale will be priced in-line with SNBs current beers that arealready on the market, while being competitively priced with SNBs strongest craft beer competition, Sam Adams Blackberry Witbie r. Therefore the price for Blackberry Ale will be set at $9.59 for a six pack of 12oz bottles.Promotion StrategyIn order to call down the latest addition to the Sierra Nevada line, a multitude of media and promotions will be used to facilitate the products entre into the market advertising PromotionSocial media including Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, and Google+ Advertising in key magazines The Beer Connoisseur, DRAFT, Ale Street News, Northwest Brewing News, The celebrater Beer News, Great Lakes Brewing News, Yankee Brew News, Brew Your Own, Beer Advocate , pick out Men, Maxim, Esquire, GQ, Details, and Sports Illustrated Sales PromotionFree 4oz sample coupons (limited time just now-90 days)Free 4oz samples when product is only available on-tap (limited time only) $2.00 off introductory coupons (expires after 90 days)Buy 3, get 1 isolated (buy any 6-pack of SNB beer, get 1 free 6-pack of Blackberry Ale-90 day promotion) each(prenominal) promotions will terminate after 90 day s of product introduction to assess the effectiveness of the promotions and determine future courses of action. Financial ProjectionsThe chart below, provided by the Brewers Association, clearly illustrates the continuous growth of the craft beer industry. Based upon research and the strong financial position of SNB, adding the Blackberry Ale brand to the organization can only increase the profitability and value of the organization. Each time SNB has added depth to the Sierra Nevada line, the company has only prospered financially, and in terms of gaining exposure, which adds value to the organization. Additionally, the community has benefited from SNBs success, as SNB has been proven to be a strong player in social responsibility.SNB anticipates the production of a new, East Coast brewery in 2014, will support its objectives, and while increasing the profitability of the organization. The addition of a second brewery strategically adds value tothe organization as it enhances suppl y chain management, increases awareness, while potentially doubling production and capacity. it is estimated that after introduction sales of Blackberry will grow, reaching 1% of SNB beer sales after 1 year. Blackberry Ale is expected to break even and become a profitable product, based on expected sales and costs of introduction into the market. Implementation PlanBlackberry Ale has already passed all necessary guidelines established by SNB. As the fourth derriere quickly approaches, SNB will continue its successful strategy of producing jubilancy Ale a highly demanded brand that is synonymous with the holiday season. SNB is fearful that launching Blackberry Ale during this time would conflict with the established and successful release of the seasonal Celebration Ale therefore, the launch of Blackberry Ale into the market is planned to coincide with the grand opening of the new brewery, under construction in North Carolina, which is the first quarter of 2014.Evaluation Metrics a nd ControlSNB has determined it will analyze the addition of Blackberry Ale, xc days after the launch of the product into the market. All introductory promotions will terminate after ninety days to access the future profitability of adding flavored ale to the brand line. Additionally, Blackberry Ale will be analyzed again each month, for the next three months to determine how the new product sales without added promotions. after six months, a thorough analysis focusing on sales, market share, brand recognition and profitability will be used as evaluation metrics, to determine the profitability, and future of Blackberry Ale.

Definition of Cloud Computing Essay

What is your definition of besmirch figuring and how does it impact your business? Cloud cipher has been around for a while. It has been lurking in the ICT industriousness in sm every(prenominal)er forms and companies constitute gen sequencelly been victimisation the service internally with turn out realizing it. Only a few years ago, the jerky realization that demoralise reckoning can save an organization huge operational costs came to the fore. Organizations were getting bigger and the cost of doing business was comely expensive. Organizations that were expanding globally, i.e. beyond their countrys borders were discovering that the infrastructure costs per country wide-ranging and in some instances were n oneness-existent as the country did not have the purchasing power to procure the latest infrastructure. This meant that organizations that had SOE (standard operating environments) and were mandated by policy to align to specific standards began to find it more diffic ult to maintain their standards.This in felon meant that compromises would need to be made to credential policies and the method in which study was delivered to international clients had to be changed to alter this to happen. So, it was only natural that when cloud computing service providers began an aggressive push for their services, the world breathed a respire of relief. Here at last was a service that could be delivered around allwhere in the world and even more beneficial was the position that the service could be delivered down to handheld devices much(prenominal) as smartphones and the iPad. In plus to this, cloud computing enabled an organization to maintain its policies seamlessly across sevenfold sites which may be located in different countries. The entire plan could be used to practical(prenominal)ly centralize the info and the policies associated with it. So, exactly what is cloud computing? To the layman, the simplest definition is the storage of sch ooling in a virtual cloud with the Internet world used as the backbone to introduction and work on info.The CloudThe Cloud data FlowData FlowFor a user who is always on the move, cloud computing makes it easier to gateway and work on data regardless of the location and it alike allows the user to be in touch with his office because cloud computing is not restricted merely to cultivation sharing but in like manner allows for the bridging of the user and his colleagues by way of video conferencing, virtual boardrooms and other features that enable a user to remain connected. From a more technical perspective, the data is stored in data farms that can be made up of SANS, virtualization, credentials layers and connectivity mediums that allows for the quick access to data. The benefits of cloud computing atomic number 18 no suspect bulky but what does this mean for the financial industry? What does this mean for an industry that is built up on a strong set of information pr otective cover policies, all with the one objective of protecting guest information and transaction records?For someone such as me, the financial industry is near akin to the Russian iron curtain. Customer data is jealously reticent and information relating to the financial organisations is kept securely under lock and key. either single user is tasked to get word that any information coming out of the system is used exactly and only for the purpose it is deemed and destroyed one time it has been used. In addition to this, the ICT industry in the finance industry has a massive task on its hands. It is responsible for ensuring that intrusion attempts are detected and arrested on the spot and any data traversing out of the network is secured to the tip of destination. Naturally, the ramifications of any breach can be authorizationly fatal. Breaches of customer data can usually result in * Customer sound action, i.e. being sued* Non-compliance of central bank regulations can lead to fines* going of reputation* Loss of revenueThese factors can usually be devastating for any bank. subsequently all, customers expect their personal information to be kept secure when dealing with a bank apt(p) that no one likes their financial information splattered across the public boards for the world to see. If an example is sought here, one need only look at the Swiss banks. When people foreboding intimately their money, they rush it to Switzerland, even when domestic laws forbid it. Switzerland never seems to have any trouble which would adversely affect the value of its currency or the safety of the money entrusted to its bankers (Vicker 3, 4). This was the general norm until recently in 2009 when the US demanded that the Swiss Bank UBS turn over details of US clients who were pretend of tax evasion, fight between U.S. authorities and the Swiss banking giant, UBS, the veil is about to be pierced. UBS agreed on Wednesday to turn over identifying information on 4 ,450 accounts which the IRS believes hold undeclared assets belonging to Americans. Those accounts were believed to hold about $18 zillionAccounting Web (08/20/2009 0826). Ultimately, this defined a new era for Swiss banking because another country had successfully infiltrated the closely guarded secrets of the Swiss banks and managed to demand data be handed over through legal channels. So what does this mean for organizations in the financial sector where gage is predominate? Naturally, no financial institution wants to lose control of its data or being in a position where it cannot control the flow of data accurately. It is therefore critical that the decision to move to a cloud establish environment be studied carefully while gauging the risks involved and the potential loss of customer information if the system were ever to fail. Therefore, it is my belief that organizations in this sector are highly unlikely to move over simply to the cloud based system.Federal and centra l regulations would play a of the essence(p) role in the decision as well as the security aspects. For any financial organizations contemplating this move, it would certainly not be done by way of hiring a vendor providing the service and instead the organization would underframe its own private cloud where it would enforce all the necessary regulations and policies that would ensure the security of the data. It is also prudent to remember that the core applications of financial organizations are generally built around legacy based languages such as COBOL and these cannot be easily migrated to a web based system given that there are transactional processing issues such as response times, and so forth that need to be factored. For financial institutions, the change would be far excessively massive and require an almost complete overhaul of the existing investments in the infrastructure and a change in the central policies. In addition to this, there is always the hugeer risk of d ata losses as Google experienced recently which left a few thousand customers without access to their mailboxes and ultimately losing their data.In a cloud based environment, the risks of such occurrences especially where customer data is concerned are far too great to be reckoned with even if the ratio is small, that risk cannot be taken. Organizations in the financial sector are dictated on industry expected practices such as data retention periods, backup methodology, archiving, backup security and a whole host of other protocols that need to be followed when dealing with customer data. In an environment such a cloud based one, these methodologies cannot all be applied given that the environment is changed from a more rigid and manageable structure to a more fluid structure.In conclusion, the theory of cloud computing is indeed a fascinating one and offers massive savings for any organization that ventures into it however for industries where customer information security is th e key to survival, the prospect of going to a cloud based system unless it were a privately built and controlled one would not induce any encouragement in the financial sector. Nonetheless, it is hoped that in the future, central regulations will be changed to encourage the migration to cloud and with the appropriate security policies and perhaps an improved security structure, this vision may one day be fully embraced by the financial industries around the world. * Vicker, Ray. Those Swiss Money Men. New York Scribner, 1973. * Accounting Web. Swiss Bank UBS agrees to reveal U.S. secret accountholders, http//bit.ly/iO4bX6, August 20, 2009, 0826

Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger: Good Social Policy

Reason commensurate upkeep of Imminent Danger straightforward(p) aff up to(p) Policy? BY gotten Reasonable Fear of Imminent Danger Good Social Policy? Giovanni Mike 4324324 LISTENED 1001 sum 13 Professor crowd Barney A sobering f exemplify Is that our g all overnment has a monopoly on the implement of compress, simply It postnot protect every wholeness at all times In an quick fashion. Joel samara, criminal fair play, at 1 55 (1 lath De. 2014). Therefore, citizens be permitted to physical exertion proportionate push in a self-help fashion as dour as 1. The necessity is great 2. The need exists right now 3. The fury is utilise for taproom lone(prenominal). D. At 155. However, preemptive tribes or retaliation be not justifications for dragfulness expenditure in self-defence. d, at 155. There atomic number 18 also four elements of self-defense unprovoked attack, necessity, proportionality, and comely belief. d, at 156. The first three were alluded to prev ious and are fairly self-explanatory, precisely sane belief forget be the primary focus in this discussion. This element requires that a defender mustiness tolerate the bonny belief that Its necessary to usage hurtful great power to neutralize an Imminent insanely attack. D, at 156. However, what Is credible fore theory? How does It impart pop out In the courtroom? Is the meat on the soulfulness utilise squeeze against an aggressor to show that he or she possessed conjectural worry? Does this emergency change whether a individual is at should be look into whether the person victimisation insalubrious ability had a reasonable opportunity to den and avoid fierceness? Should we offer civil opposition to t irrigate who utilize deadly force legitimately? Overall, are the recently much aggressive self- defense faithfulnesss good for mankind policy?Do they acknowledge those with itchy trigger fingers to get atomic pile a virtual license to kill, or d o they take an extra necessary step to put the rubber eraser f law-abiding citizens ahead of the worrys of violent law-breakers? Newer self- defense laws, such as the mavin passed by Florida, unnecessarily presume reasonable business in reason ones home and fail to adequately consider whether a person using deadly force had a affair to retrograde (in public spaces) when violence could vex been tardily avoided.Citizens should fairly be expected to show that their deadly white plague of force was justify collectible to their legitimate venerate for their asylum whether theyre at home or in public theyre shoot down of induction shouldnt be beyond a seasonable mistrust since the prosecution could probably cast doubt on this with relative ease since its based on the congenital measurement of attention. Subtle wording differences in these laws underside govern protections to either the aggressor or defender in these authoritys?its critical to run across a healthy balance. So how did we get to the self-defense laws used at at one time?According to Joel Samara, Criminal Law, at 164 (1 lath De. 2014), since the thirteenth century English super C law required that a person had to prove that hed secludeed to the seawall before being reassert in killing another errors. The US began to reject this practice in the nineteenth century and replaced it with a no duty to recede requirement, which holds that a person can be Justified in killing someone in self-defense. d, at 164. This impertinently access code to the use of force by the common man was thought to be more accommodating to the bravery of a true man. d, at 164.This true man was thought to be someone who would do whatever he had to do to protect his wife, kids, and the nation. d, at 165. Legislators and judges carved out the substructure your ground rule from these previously mention values, which states that if a man didnt scrawl the fight they could stand their ground and kill in self-defense without having to draw back from a place they had a legal right to be. d, at 165. Also, the crawfish rule was also created that obligates a person to retreat if they sensibly believe that theyre jeopardise with death or serious harm and they are able to retreat without continuing to be subject to this risk. D, at 165. Furthermore, the castle doctrine was created as an exception to the retreat rule when the mise en scene is within someones home, where they need no duty to retreat as Eng as they reasonably believe thither is an imminent nemesis of death or serious corporeal harm. d, at 165. Since 2005, more than forty states have passed or proposed new castle doctrine legislation intended to expand the right to use deadly force in self-defense. d, at 172. Florida was the first state to pass this type of statute, and it continues to be the model for the rest of the states. D, at 172. Their statute states that a person is presumed to have held a reasonable headach e of imminent peril of death or great sensible harm if (a) The person against whom the defensive force was used as in the process of abominablely and forcefully entering, or had unlawfully and forcibly entered, a dwelling, residence, or occupied vehicle (b) The person who used defensive force knew or had reason to believe that an unlawful and racy entry or unlawful and forcible act was occurring or had occurred Old, at 172.Pennsylvania, they have a right to be in (2) they believe that the use of deadly force is immediately necessary to prevent death, serious bodily injury, kidnapping, or rape (3) the aggressor dis wagers or uses a firearm (or replica) or any other deadly weapon. Joshua settle, The rook Doctrine?The Lobby is my Dwelling, Volvo 22 Widener Law daybook 236 These types of laws do not exist without controversy, since there are those (2012). That deed that they give citizens a virtual license to kill. Supra, at 174.On one side, people like Marion Hammer, president of the National Rifle Association, contend that these new laws are Just protecting a right that has been around since the asses and that we shouldnt have a duty to retreat only to get chased down and beaten to death. d, at 174. Indeed, Florists intent when they passed their castle-doctrine law n 2005 was that it was necessary to have-to doe with absolute rights of law abiding people to protect themselves, their families, and others, and their property from intruders and attackers without fright of prosecution or civil action.Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is revenge Stand-your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self- defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Re placement 417 (2012). Supporters of the castle doctrine-type laws recognize that there are times when the governments monopoly on violence must be set excursus to allow law-abiding citizens to protect themselves when time is limited. Benjamin Levin, A invulnerable Defense? Reexamining Castle Doctrine Statues Volvo 47 Harvard Journal on decree 540 (2010).When an aggressor poses an immediate little terror, the defenders preservation of self should take precedence over the aggressors culpability. d, at 539. Others like Jim Brady from The Brady Campaign believe that these laws are ushering in a violent new era where civilians have more freedom to use deadly force than even the practice of law. Samara, Criminal Law, at 174 (2014). They also produce that these laws allow those who have an itchy trigger finger to simply claim that they were in fear and therefore justified in using deadly force. d, at 174.To throw things even more complex, states have their own versions of the law that are slake in flux and fairly open to edition by courts?it is not al elbow rooms straightforward when someone is legally empower to use deadly force to protect themselves. Levin, A Defensible Defense 534-536 (2010). What does reasonable fear even mean? Unfortunately, this is not easy to answer. O hios exposure of reasonable fear is somewhat helpful the actor using deadly force must have a bona fide belief that he/she was in imminent danger f death or great bodily harm and the only means of escape was to use deadly force in retaliation.Wyatt Holiday, The Answer to Criminal Aggression is Retaliation Stand- Your-Ground Laws and the Liberalizing of Self-Defense, Volvo 43 University of Toledo Law Review 425 (2012). The honest and reasonable requirements make it be like a hybrid objective/subactive requirement, but its belt up a unobjective quantity as highlighted by the Ohio independent Court. d, at 424. This courts instructions on this meter recommended that to determine whether a defendant had reasonable fear of imminent danger U must put yourself in the position of the Defendant, with her characteristics, knowledge, or miss of knowledge, and under the same circumstances and conditions that surrounded the Defendant at the time. You must consider the conduct of the vic tim and determine if such acts and words caused the Defendant to reasonably and honestly believe that she was nearly to be killed or reasonable fear is so subjective, because of the wide range of patchs people find themselves in it doesnt seem feasible to create an objective examine that measures such a subjective and virtually immeasurable emotion such as fear.Keep in take care how the law mentions that the only means of escape is the use of deadly force. counterbalance though reasonable fear is such a subjective concept, it still has an impact in the courtroom compared to how self-defense laws used to be written. before Stand- Your-Ground laws came approximately, defendants had the nucleus to show that their life sentence and limb was actually in danger. Light at 234 (2012). Now, in true Jurisdictions, citizens have to only prove that they had a reasonable fear that their life and limb were at jeopardy, and that they believed that deadly force was immediately necessary t o peel this threat. D, at 234. This amounts to a smaller burden of proof on the defendant, which is more challenging for the prosecution because disproving facts is a plow easier than disproving perceptions. d, at 234. Is this a fair balance? The reasonable fear requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an uppity burden on citizens to Justify their use of force that can be easily defeated by prosecuting attorneys. What about the duty to retreat? Should it still command a part n todays laws? Eric Del Bozo, Retreat Does Not Equal decline Defensive Deadly Force in Dwellings After People v. Keen, Volvo 82 SST. Johns Law Review 360-381 (2008) points out that the duty to retreat should still play a part in these self-defense laws, especially when retreat is a safe and reasonable option that could save a lot of violence. He concedes, however, that one need not calmly evaluate exit strategi es when approach with a pressing danger, for detached reflection cannot be demanded in the figurehead of an uplifted knife. d, at 364. Also, it isnt reasonable to focus in midnight at whether the defendant could have safely retreated, which is a reason why reasonable fear is appropriate in order to focus on what the person knew at the time. d, at 364. The way retreat is treated as an option and the thoughts of the person using force varies among states and even Jurisdictions within those states some deemphasize the need to retreat while others focus more on the Justification of force and options for retreat. d, at 363-364.In 2006 alone though, between 10 and 15 states repealed their laws that required persons to consider retreat before using defensive deadly force. D, at 377. This mogul not bode well in a case where a person shoots his neighbor over an argument over trash bins Del Bozo suggests that stories fashioning headlines tend to be neighbors and acquaintances freely assau lting each other sooner than offensive home invasions. d, at 377. However, he doesnt offer any statistics or observational evidence that there is a trend in unjustifiable killings due to these laws.Nonetheless, the duty to retreat still has merit to allow the whole situation to be analyzed in court, and hold people accountable who may engage in senseless killings. d, at 378. The prosecution should be able to show that retreat was indeed a viable option out of a respect for human life there must be a balance between protecting the safety of both the assailant and the victim, but retreat should be looked at with the burden being on the non-aggressor. d, at 380. There are five different hits that law enforcement regimen have concerning these new and more aggressive self-defense laws.One unintentional final result could be natural law officers since citizens Just have to claim that they have reasonable fear in order to use deadly force. d, at 175. On the other hand, Florists s tatute contains a revision which holds that citizens are not Justified in using deadly force against law enforcement officers as long as they are acting in an official capacity, have place themselves as a natural law officer, or the person using force should have reasonably known it was a law enforcement officer. D, at 173. Indiana struggled with this unintended consequence, but actually ended up ruling that citizens cannot reasonably use deadly force against law enforcement officers. Jon Laramie, Indiana Constitutional Development Debtors, Placements, and the Castle Doctrine, Volvo. 45 Indiana Law Review, 1049-1051 (2012). In Barnes v. Tate, 946 N. E. Ad 572 (2011), the Indiana Supreme Court stated that public policy disavows recognizing a common law right to forcibly resist unlawful police entry into ones home. d, at 1050. They also recognized that it isnt easy for citizens to recognize when a given police entry is lawful or not, that injury is high due to upgrades in police equ ipment, and citizens have other remedies for unlawful entries (civil judicial proceeding, police disciplinary hearings, exclusionary rule, and so forth ) d, at 1050. The court did concede that a person has the right to reasonably resist an unlawful entry, but this doesnt amount to a defense of eatery or other violent acts against law enforcement. D, at 1051. The court also claimed that to the highest course other states have followed suite in this decision in the post of law enforcement safety. d, at 1050. Another concern is that the interpretation of these castle-type laws is in its infancy. nearly believe that law enforcement training will constantly have to conform to changing views on these laws, and that it will be almost impossible for police officers to determine whether these new laws are being invoked applied properly. Supra, at 176.The next concern is that instead of Just avian to determine whether danger was imminent or there was a duty to retreat in a public place, police officers will now have to anticipate more self-defense claims. d, at 176. This will increase the investigative burdens on officers, and proving a blackball is difficult when the evidence is in the hands of the defendant. d, at 176. This concern is exacerbated by the fact that law enforcement agencies are often understaffed and are already overworked. d, at 176.Furthermore, police authorities are worried that these new laws will lead to a sort of apathy and degradation of vigilance among officers. D, at 176. They may get used to seeing self- defense claims and may quill deep enough into every claim as these new castle-type laws scream for, especially if both parties have criminal records. d, at 176. The last concern of law enforcement on castle-type laws are that citizens (a) will not be adequately aware of their right to use force in self-defense and (b) will be considered a deterrence by criminals who may now view them as more able to defend themselves. D, at 176. Overal l, people might feel safer because they are given more latitude to protect themselves, but they may not since they might be worried about there with itchy trigger fingers. d, at 177. Also, there is a lack of trial-and-error evidence that shows that the positive impacts outweigh the positive damaging impacts. d, at 177. However, the juiceless part is that we will not know if these types of laws will work unless we call them uniformly on a generalize sample size (many states/ jurisdictions) and whence evaluate them over time using sound look for methods. delay that citizens are able to defend themselves when they legitimately need to. Nobody tell it would come without any consequences at all. A legal love with hose castle doctrine-type laws according to Elizabeth Mega, Deadly Combinations How Self-Defense Laws Pairing Immunity with a Presumption of Fear Allows Criminals to Get Away with Murder, Volvo 34 American Journal of Trial Advocacy 105-134 (2010), is that reasonable fe ar and liberty can combination to create a virtual bar on prosecution for self-defense cases involving an individuals castle. The state of Florida provides both a presumptive reasonable fear clause and an immunity clause reasonable fear by itself can be rebutted by the prosecution at a later time, but immunity wont ever allow that to happen. D, at 108. Mega contends that such an irrefutable conclusion is unconstitutional and puts law enforcement in an awkward position to determine immunity. d, at 108. Also, once immunity is granted it cannot be withdrawn and someone who was entitled to immunity cannot fight for it later on. d, at 109.However, if someone is extracurricular of their home they have to prove the reasonableness of their use of force before being qualify for immunity?this is presumed in cases involving the home and motor vehicles though. d, at 113.. Furthermore, at to the lowest degree in situations located at the defenders home, Florists law sakes it impossible to make the ratiocination that the defenders use of force was unlawful. d, at 118. The law contains a provision that states that reasonable fear can be presumed when a person uses deadly force in the protection of their home?the police cannot make a likely cause determination. D, at 119. Florists law puts law enforcement in a situation where they have to make determinations on the spot that prosecutors would normally make they have to make determinations of immunity and tackle to disprove a supposition rather than establish a case. d, at 120. Law enforcement normally investigate unlawful acts, but Florists law tells officers to presume that acts of violence within the home are lawful. d, at 121 . As for how to fix these statutory issues, Mega contends that they are beyond location with Just guidelines and require rewording.Police could become so dependent on the guidelines that they may fail to see the big picture, defendants could end up in cast aside trying to assert immunity , law enforcement may not understand the guidelines, and law enforcement have to engage in prosecutorial duties that they were not trained to do. D, at 130. Although immunity certain presents more problems, what about reasonable fear itself? Mega claims that the previous duty to retreat laws still allowed someone to use force, but only when there is no safe method of retreat. d, at 115.In this way, common law held the respect for life on a higher level than the right to possess and use a gun. d, at 115. However, with the new castle-type laws individuals can now react violently with little incentive to try and diffuse the situation by safely retreating. d, at 115. The duty to retreat makes someone think twice about sing force instead of harming someone before considering whether an actual threat exists. d, at 116. With these new Stand Your Ground and castle-type laws, individuals are authorized to act violently in the face of a perceived threat, which is very subjective and open to i nterpretation. D, at 129. In Florida, however, the law allows the state to prosecute individuals when equiprobable cause is established that the force used was unlawful, at least outside of ones home. d, at 130. This type of provision who use deadly force in a senseless or reckless manner without giving reasonable Hough into whether theyre really facing impending danger. As mentioned earlier though, in the hotness of the moment peoples perceptions and their ability amount to think clearly in these wicked situations will vary. How does reasonable fear play out in the context of a Jury trial?Stay Lee Burns, Demonstrating Reasonable Fear at Trial Is it Science or Junk Science? department of Sociology, Loyola Martyrdom University, Los Angles, CA 107-131 (2008) examined one murder trial in discretion that involved reasonable fear. In this case, the madden brothers were charged and invoiced of first degree murder for shot-gunning their parents in their own home in August 1989. d, at 109. During the trial, they confessed to parricide but claimed they held reasonable fear because of their prior sexual abuse by their father and acted in self-defense Justification defense). D, at 110. The Jury deadlocked at the first trial, which indicates the ambiguousness that reasonable fear can have at trial. d, at 129. The defense proposed expert testimony that would show that the abuse the defendants underwent adapted their mental state at the time of the killings because heir susceptibility to fear and perception of imminent danger were heightened. d, at 112. U Timely, the Judge did not allow expert testimony pertaining to what happened in the Maddened brothers situation, but could attempt to generalize prior research on fear perception.Although there has been research on the limbic system, the part of the brain that processes fear, for the lastly years the results are far from conclusive and there is no test available that can show what the Maddened brothers fear levels wer e at the time of the killing or whether their susceptibility had indeed been heightened because of trauma. d, at 118- 127. Social science is only able to provide statistics and the likelihood that the Maddened brothers would act a certain way in a given situation. d, at 122.There is a blood test available that can give insight into what a persons level of fear is, but the sample would have to be taken right at the moment of the crime (not feasible). d, at 124. This case illustrates the tension between fond science and the Judicial system that requires facts to relate to the particular case at hand. d, at 128. It came down to what the Jury felt was reasonable fear, and how much they thought the expert testimony applied to the Maddened ease?its no amazement that the Jury ended up deadlocked. D, at 128-129. In conclusion, the reasonable fear requirement is fair since it allows the state to make an inquiry into whether deadly force was used in a legitimate fashion without putting an e xcessive burden on citizens and giving too much of an advantage to prosecuting attorneys. Although duty to retreat shouldnt be strictly imposed or evaluated in hindsight, it is still applicable in situations where violence could have been easily avoided by a great deal walking away.While there are legitimate concerns such as Alice safety in no-knock searches with these more aggressive self-defense laws, the sad fact frame that little empirical evidence is out to date that shows any negative or positive trends associated with these laws. In addition, these laws and their interpretation are still in their infancy and are written differently among the states and their Jurisdictions. A legal issue that may not be empirically measurable, however, is how reasonable fear can be paired with immunity to create a bar on prosecution of those defending their home perhaps too readily.These people should burden of proof that can easily be discredited. Additionally, this presumption would leave police officers with the difficult task of making determinations on the spot that would normally be left to prosecuting attorneys. As for immunity, citizens should be granted immunity from civil litigation if their use of deadly force was Justified they shouldnt have to be knotty with legal action from the aggressor after theyve already been in court.The Maddened case illustrates the limitations of science to prove reasonable fear in a court setting, and can only offer potential generalizations and statistics. Bottom line, reasonable fear ends up getting determined by Juries, which ay not be that easy or uniform. Overall, the new and more aggressive self-defense laws are good for public policy with the exception of the presumption of reasonable fear in situations involving defending ones home.These laws necessarily give citizens more latitude in defending themselves without an undue burden of having to sit there and think about whether they should retreat or fear of future civil li tigation. However, those who are prepared to resort to violence in the face of any perceived threat need to justify their actions in order to prevent senseless killings. They should only have to how that they had reasonable fear without a heavy burden of proof that prosecutors can easily defeat, which could be the beyond a reasonable doubt standard.An understandable concern is that these new laws will put a kick upstairs burden on an already stressed and backlogged criminal Justice system, but we cannot put police officers in a position to try to make these determinations on the spot. We also cannot allow potential senseless killings to go unchallenged. Omitting the presumption clause and putting a little more emphasis on retreat options can better balance the defenders right of safety and the aggressors culpability.

Effect of Landslipe

Effects of reduceslides Landslides are a major catastrophe the world as it is widespread andsignifi suffert impact, including Malaysia. The effects of catastrophic landslips isdangerous to humans and to other living thingsFor example, the face of the saturated with water to form dust flows or grimeflows. Concentrated mixture of rock and mud may destroy the trees, houses, andcars and blocking the bridge. Mud combine with river flow atomic number 50 crap devastatingflooding along the route. Similarly, the ice floes formed in the river caused by ice clogging the rivers andflows more slowly.However, it can produce comely energy to destroy the bridge. Icemay accumulate on the edge or on top of weak layers of snow or unstable causescrash occurred. Pyroclastic flows (pyroclastic) arising from dust dust of ash, poisonous gasand hot rock from volcanic eruptions that spread quickly to corrode anything that traveledto the effects of destruction and death. Among the social effects tha t can be describe as 1. Economic Decline Landslides are certainly cause terms to property. This brings losses to theeconomy of a country. Economic rehabilitation is also needed in the bailiwick that hasexperienced a landslide.This would cost a lot and some of the pique countryeconomy. Example1. A average, these landslides caused loss of $ 1-2 billion U. S. dollars and 25disaster in the United States all(prenominal) year. 2. At Utah, U. S. , in 1983, the total cost to repair the landslide area of 500 milliondollars and it is financing the cost of the most expensive landslide in U. S. history3. button due to landslides in the United States is estimated at 1. 5 billion dollarsannually. 4. Earthquake the hide out Loma Prieta in October 1989 caused thousands of landslides covering an area of 5400 square feet.Causing losses of at least $10 million dollars . 2 . modify To al-Qaida. Landslides can lead to damage to property resulting from the force flow or mud. Infrastructure land such as buildings, roads, places of leisure and so on can be sunk by the landslide occurred. Example1. Destruction a building and placement. 2. Land massive collapse can cause the destruction of a city. 3. Damage to roads4. Affect conference system of roads and communication systems. Loma prieta5. Earthquake the earth in October 1989 resulted in tens of thousands of experienced landslides with an area up to 5400 square feet.Cause affectedroad communication system, property damage and destruction of homes. 6. At Alpine Valley, as a result of the City causing damage to the bridge flows asa result of the advocate flow. 7. Slip demesne Park Hill View occur on 20 Nov 2002 destroyed a bungalow. 8. May 15, 1999, thousands of residents in housing estates and the InternationalBukit Wangsa Ukay in Jalan Hulu Klang trapped when a landslide occurred inthe 100 meter event 520 am that closed the only road out into theneighborhood 3. Loss Of Life.Loss of life is a dangerous effect upon the occu rrence of a landslide and it isdifficult to avoid. Many lives will be lost upon the occurrence of landslidesExample1. Landslide Estate Park Hill View occur on 20 November 2002 destroyed ahouse killing eight bungalows and family life. 2. Landslide in Highland Tower, Ulu Kelang cause of 48 people were killed andmany injured. 3. Landslide in Wales in the UK involves the rotation of the fine debris thatoccurs on hill slopes have been destroys a school causing receipts people werekilled, including 116 school children involved, aged 7 to 10 years. . Changes In The come out Landscape. Landslide causes significant changes in the landscape of the earths surface. Pile of soil and mud from the landslide activity caused the high ground may be flatand settling sediment can become thick very quickly. Consequently, dam rivers or lakes become more shallow to hold a lot of water. water level becomes higher andthe ground becomes waterlogged areas. Landslides can also cause soil or rock slope beco mes increasingly steep andunstable.